1、BSI Standards PublicationCharacterization of waste Leaching behaviour test for basic characterization Dynamic monolithic leaching test with continuous leachantrenewal under conditions relevant for specified scenario(s)PD CEN/TS 15864:2015National forewordThis Draft for Development is the UK implemen
2、tation ofCEN/TS15864:2015. It supersedes PD CEN/TS 15864:2012 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by TechnicalCommittee B/508, Waste Management, to Subcommittee B/508/3,Characterization of waste.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtaine
3、d onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 90135 5ICS 13.030.10Compliance with a B
4、ritish Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TS 15864:2015TECHNICAL SPE
5、CIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15864 November 2015 ICS 13.030.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15864:2012English Version Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour test for basic characterization - Dynamic monolithic leaching test with continuous leachant renewal under con
6、ditions relevant for specified scenario(s) Caractrisation des dchets - Essais de comportement la lixiviation pour la caractrisation de base - Essai de lixiviation dynamique des monolithes avec renouvellement continu du lixiviant dans des conditions pertinentes pour des scnarios spcifis Charakterisie
7、rung von Abfllen - Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens fr die grundlegende Charakterisierung - Dynamisches Elutionsverfahren fr monolithische Abflle mit kontinuierlicher Erneuerung des Elutionsmittels unter Bedingungen fr festgelegte Szenarien This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CE
8、N on 19 October 2015 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN m
9、embers are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about t
10、he possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvi
11、a, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix
12、 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15864:2015 EPD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms and
13、 definitions . 8 4 Principle 11 5 Reagents 12 6 Equipment 12 6.1 General . 12 6.2 Laboratory equipment . 12 7 Sample preparation . 13 7.1 General . 13 7.2 Preparation of the test portion . 14 7.3 Determination of the geometric surface area 14 8 Procedure 14 8.1 Testing conditions . 14 8.1.1 General
14、case (intermediate range of renewal rate) 14 8.1.2 Particular case “critical renewal rate” . 16 8.1.3 Particular case “low renewal rate” 16 8.1.4 Particular case under fixed conditions when no specific scenario is under consideration (“not scenario-related”) 16 8.2 Test procedure 17 8.3 Contact peri
15、ods collection scheme . 18 8.4 Weight loss of the monolithic waste during the test . 18 8.5 Further preparation of the eluates for analysis 18 8.6 Blank test 19 9 Calculations 19 9.1 Expression of results . 19 9.1.1 General . 19 9.1.2 Expression of results in concentrations. 19 9.1.3 Expression of r
16、esult in terms of surface related release . 20 9.2 Average surface-related release rate 20 10 Performance characteristics 21 11 Documentation and test report. 21 11.1 General . 21 11.2 General data . 21 11.3 Leaching test conditions 21 11.4 Analytical report 22 11.5 Results of the leaching test . 22
17、 Annex A (informative) Identification of release mechanisms and use of test results 23 A.1 Introduction . 23 A.2 Examples of factors influencing the leaching of monolithic waste 23 PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 3 A.3 Long term release prediction . 26 Annex B (normative) Particular case “
18、renewal rate without retro-action” . 27 B.1 Introduction 27 B.2 Determination of the critical surface-related flow rate . 27 Annex C (informative) Examples of scheme of installation 29 Annex D (normative) Particular case “low renewal rate” . 31 D.1 Introduction 31 D.2 Procedure 31 Annex E (informati
19、ve) Process map for CEN/TS 15864 . 33 Bibliography . 35 PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 4 European foreword This document (CEN/TS 15864:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the
20、possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15864:2012. The following significant technical change has been implemented in this new edition
21、 of the text: the steps/fractions for eluates collection have been harmonized with EN 15863. This document has been developed primarily to support the requirements for leaching behaviour testing within EU and EFTA countries. This document was elaborated on the basis of: AFNOR XP X30-450:2002; AFNOR
22、XP X30-467:2002; AFNOR XP X30-469:2007. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Forme
23、r Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E)
24、5 Introduction This document specifies a dynamic leaching test for monolithic waste materials, to determine key parameters to address the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials. For the complete characterization of the leaching behaviour of waste under specified conditions the application
25、of other test methods is required (see EN 12920). Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis should be aware of the typical risks of that kind of material irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples can contain hazardous (e.g. toxic, reactive, flammable, infectious) s
26、ubstances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction. Consequently these samples should be handled with special care. Gases which can be produced by microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurize sealed bottles. Bursting bottles are likely to resu
27、lt in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations should be followed with respect to all hazards associated with this method. In the different European countries, tests have been developed to characterize and assess the constituents which can be leached from waste materials. The re
28、lease of soluble constituents upon contact with water is regarded as one of the main mechanism of release which results in a potential risk to the environment during life-cycle of waste materials (disposal or re-use scenario). The intent of these tests is to identify the leaching properties of waste
29、 materials. The complexity of the leaching process makes simplifications necessary. Not all of the relevant aspects of leaching behaviour can be addressed in one single standard. Procedures to characterize the behaviour of waste materials can generally be divided into three steps, using different te
30、sts in relation to the objective. The following test hierarchy is taken from the Landfill Directive1)and the Decision on Annex II of this Directive2)for disposal of waste. a) Basic characterization constitutes a full characterization of the waste by gathering all the necessary information for a safe
31、 management of the waste in the short and long term. Basic characterization may provide information on the waste (type and origin, composition, consistency, leachability, etc.), information for understanding the behaviour of waste in the considered management scenario, comparison of waste properties
32、 against limit values, and detection of key variables (critical parameters as liquid/solid (L/S) ratios, leachant composition, factors controlling leachability such as pH, redox potential, complexing capacity and physical parameters) for compliance testing and options for simplification of complianc
33、e testing. Characterization may deliver ratios between test results from basic characterization and results from simplified test procedures as well as information on a suitable frequency for compliance testing. In addition to the leaching behaviour, the composition of the waste should be known or de
34、termined by testing. The tests used for basic characterization should always include those to be used for compliance testing. b) Compliance testing is used to demonstrate that the sample of today fits the population of samples tested before by basic characterization and through that, is used to carr
35、y out compliance with regulatory limit values. The compliance test should therefore always be part of the basic characterization program. The compliance test focuses on key variables and leaching behaviour identified by basic characterization tests. Parts of basic characterization tests can also be
36、used for compliance purposes. 1) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. 2) Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002. PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2015 (E) 6 c) On-site verification tests are used as a rapid check to confirm that the waste is the same as th
37、at which has been subjected to characterization or compliance tests. On-site verification tests are not necessarily leaching tests. The test procedure described in this document is a basic characterization test and falls in category a). According to EN 12920 the evaluation of the release of constitu
38、ents from waste materials in a certain scenario involves the performance of various tests. This document describes one of the parametric test that can be used for such purposes, especially for monolithic waste. The test procedure allows the determination of the release under dynamic conditions of co
39、nstituents from a monolithic waste material, as a function of time. This release is calculated from the concentrations of the constituents measured in the solution (eluate) that is collected in a certain number of separate fractions. The composition, the temperature and the renewal rate of this solu
40、tion are chosen for the test in order to study the behaviour of the waste material under fixed conditions when no specific scenario is under consideration or according to the conditions defined by the disposal or utilization scenario under consideration. Three main ranges of renewal rates can be dis
41、tinguished and addressed by this document: high renewal rate above a so-called “critical renewal rate” for which the released elements do not influence the release (so-called “no retro-action situation”); “low renewal rate” which corresponds to a quasi “saturation” of the solution in the reactor in
42、order to reach stationary conditions (i.e. close to “saturation” equilibrium); intermediate range for which the released elements influence the release, but the concentrations remain significantly below saturation. Results of this test, combined with those from other tests (e.g. EN 14429) and the us
43、e of more or less sophisticated models, allow the identification of the main leaching mechanisms that can be distinguished, such as diffusion, dissolution of constituents, initial surface wash-off, dissolution of the matrix (see Annex A). These intrinsic properties can be used to predict the release
44、 of constituents at a given time frame, in order to assess the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials in practical situations or scenarios as defined in EN 12920. NOTE At low L/A conditions, pore water conditions in monolithic specimens can be approached. PD CEN/TS 15864:2015CEN/TS 15864:2
45、015 (E) 7 1 Scope This Technical Specification is applicable for determining the leaching behaviour of monolithic wastes under dynamic conditions. The test is performed under experimental conditions relevant to assess the leaching behaviour in view of the considered scenario(s). This test is aimed a
46、t determining the release as a function of time of inorganic constituents from a monolithic waste, when it is put into contact with an aqueous solution (leachant). In general, the composition, the temperature and the continuous renewal rate of the leachant are chosen such that the leaching behaviour
47、 of the waste material can be studied in view of the considered disposal or recovery scenario. When the release needs to be determined without any reference to a specific scenario, the leachant is demineralized water, the temperature and the continuous renewal rate are fixed. This dynamic monolithic
48、 leaching test (DMLT) is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920 and is therefore not aimed at simulating real situations. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a monolithic waste under specified conditions.
49、 In the framework of EN 12920 and in combination with additional chemical information, the test results are used to identify the leaching mechanisms and their relative importance. The intrinsic properties can be used to predict the release of constituents at a given time frame, in order to assess the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials, placed in different situations or scenarios (including disposal and recycling scenarios). The test method applies to regularly shaped test portions of monolithic wastes with minimum dimensions of 40
