1、BSI Standards PublicationPhotocatalysis Irradiation conditions for testing photocatalytic properties of semiconducting materials and the measurement of these conditionsPD CEN/TS 16599:2014National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 16599:2014.The UK participation in i
2、ts preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for it
3、s correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 82658 0ICS 25.220.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and
4、 Strategy Committee on 30 April 2014.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TS 16599:2014TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 16599 March 2014 ICS 25.220.20 English Version Photocatalysis - Irradiation condit
5、ions for testing photocatalytic properties of semiconducting materials and the measurement of these conditions Photocatalyse - Dtermination des conditions dirradiation pour tester les proprits photocatalytiques de matriaux semi-conducteurs Photokatalyse - Bestrahlungsbedingungen zum Prfen photokatal
6、ytischer Eigenschaften von halbleitenden Werkstoffen und die Messung dieser Bedingungen This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 14 October 2013 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of
7、CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an
8、appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Cz
9、ech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
10、EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 16599:20
11、14 EPD CEN/TS 16599:2014CEN/TS 16599:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Symbols and abbreviations 5 3 Specification of spectral areas and irradiance values .5 4 Lamp types and filters .6 4.1 Examples of different lamp types 6 4.1.1 Xenon lamps .6 4.1.2 Halogen lamps .7 4
12、.1.3 Fluorescence lamps 7 4.1.4 Mercury vapour lamps 7 4.1.5 Light emitting diodes (LED) 8 4.1.6 Sunlight .8 4.2 Controlling of the ageing behaviour of the used lamp 8 4.3 Filters 8 4.3.1 Cut-on/Cut-off-filters for irradiation of large areas 8 4.3.2 Band-pass-filters for irradiation of small areas 8
13、 4.3.3 Interference filters9 5 Diffusers .9 6 Measuring systems .9 6.1 General 9 6.2 Thermopile-Sensors . 10 6.3 Calibrated Si-Photodiodes . 10 6.4 Quantum counter based on fluorescence 11 6.5 Chemical actinometry 11 6.6 Spectral radiometers 11 7 Homogeneous irradiation of areas . 11 7.1 Homogeneity
14、 of intensity . 11 7.2 Number and local positions of the measurement points . 12 7.3 Position of the measurement plane 13 8 Test report . 14 Annex A (informative) Informative examples and definitions 15 A.1 Informative Terms and definitions 15 A.1.1 Standard irradiation conditions 15 A.1.2 Irradiati
15、on conditions for specific applications . 15 A.2 Examples for available cut-on-filters 16 A.3 Examples for available band-pass-filters . 17 A.4 Examples for available light emitting diodes (LED) 18 A.5 Example of different angle distribution of various diffusor types . 19 A.6 Examples for spectra of
16、 different fluorescence tubes 19 Bibliography . 21 PD CEN/TS 16599:2014CEN/TS 16599:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 16599:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 386 “Photocatalysis”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o
17、f the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. CEN (the European Committee for Standardization) is a European committee of national standards bodies (CEN member bodies). The work of
18、preparing European Standards is normally carried out through CEN Technical Committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a Technical Committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. European organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaiso
19、n with CEN, also take part in the work. The main task of Technical Committees is to prepare European Standards. Drafts adopted by the Technical Committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a European Standard requires approval by at least 71 % of the member bodies castin
20、g a vote. Safety statement Persons using this document should be familiar with the normal laboratory practice, if applicable. This document cannot address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health prac
21、tices and to ensure compliance with any regulatory conditions. Environmental statement It is understood that some of the material permitted in this standard may have negative environmental impact. As technological advantages lead to better alternatives for these materials, they will be eliminated fr
22、om this standard to the extent possible. At the end of the test, the user of the standard will take care to carry out an appropriate disposal of the wastes, according to local regulation. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countri
23、es are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
24、Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. PD CEN/TS 16599:2014CEN/TS 16599:2014 (E) 4 Introduction Photocatalysis is a very efficient advanced oxidation technique which enables the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH) or perhydroxyl rad
25、icals (OOH), capable of partly or completely mineralising/oxidising the majority of organic compounds. Its principle is based on the simultaneous actions of photons and of a catalytic layer which allows degradation of molecules. The most commonly used photocatalyst is titanium dioxide (TiO2), the la
26、tter being thermodynamically stable, non-toxic and economical. It can be used in powder form or deposited on a substrate (glass fibre, fabrics, plates/sheets, etc.). The objective is to introduce performance standards for photo-induced effects (including photocatalysis). These standards will mainly
27、concern test and analysis methods. PD CEN/TS 16599:2014CEN/TS 16599:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification prescribes the conditions for irradiating photocatalytic surfaces in order to perform photocatalytic efficiency tests. In addition, the measurement and documentation of these irradiati
28、on conditions with respect to the spectral distribution, irradiance and homogeneity are given. 2 Symbols and abbreviations APD avalanche photodiode A () decadic absorbance CA chemical actinometry E irradiance FWHM full width at half maximum hdheight difference hmaxmaximum height difference hsmeasure
29、ment plane LED light emitting diode PC-A photocatalytic amber PC-B photocatalytic blue PC-C photocatalytic cyan PC-G photocatalytic green PC-R photocatalytic red PC-U photocatalytic ultraviolet PC-UC photocatalytic ultraviolet C PC-V photocatalytic violet QPabs() total amount of absorbed photons qp
30、() incident photon flux wavelength () quantum yield In Annex A, further examples concerning literature, terms and definitions, quantities and figures are listed for information. 3 Specification of spectral areas and irradiance values As shown in Table 1, different spectral areas in combination with
31、the specified irradiance should be used for irradiation during photocatalytical analysis. The test procedures themselves are described in their according standards, e.g. ISO 22197-1 6 for the abatement of nitrogen monoxide. PD CEN/TS 16599:2014CEN/TS 16599:2014 (E) 6 Table 1 Specification of spectra
32、l areas and irradiance values Range Abbreviation Colour Peak maxFWHM Cut-on-Limit E 2 % Cut-off-Limit E 5 % Irradianceanm nm nm nm W/m2UV PC-UC Ultraviolet C 254 5 not defined not defined not defined not defined PC-U Ultraviolet 365 5 20 345 385 10,0 ( 10 %) VIS PC-V Violet 405 5 15 370 440 9,0 ( 7
33、%) PC-B Blue 450 5 20 400 495 8,1 ( 5 %) PC-C Cyan 500 5 27 440 560 7,3 ( 5 %) PC-G Green 530 5 30 465 595 6,8 ( 5 %) PC-A Amber 590 5 15 555 620 6,2 ( 5 %) PC-R Red 630 5 15 595 655 5,8 ( 5 %) NOTE 1 For more information about the definition of UV- and VIS-range see reference 7. NOTE 2 The above me
34、ntioned irradiance values are named as guidelines for the level of irradiance. As well as the unification to use the same photon flux is a suggestion in order to have a valid basis on the same concentration of photogenerated active species with respect to the typical heterogeneous catalytic reaction
35、s standing behind photocatalytic reactions. If special photocatalytic measurements need to use different parameters, it is important that these deviations be named and refer to this Technical Specification. The basis of 10 W/m2UVA-radiation is a compromise of outside day and night irradiance during
36、the whole year in Central Europe and therefore also a compromise between Northern Europe, e.g. Scandinavia, which usually has less irradiance, and Southern Europe, e.g. Mediterranean Area, which usually has more irradiance. This is the same assumption as to have a compromise between indoor (most of
37、the time lower) and outdoor (most of the time higher) irradiation conditions. aA min. 75 % of the irradiance has to be within FWHM and a min. 93 % of the irradiance has to be within Cut-on- and Cut-off-Limit. The used irradiance values should represent the same flux of photons within the described p
38、art of the spectra. Presently only PC-U, PC-V, PC-B, PC-C and PC-G are important for photocatalytic applications. PC-A and PC-R are only important for future innovations in photocatalytic materials, which use these defined wavelengths for photo-oxidation processes. Examples of available and suitable
39、 filters and LEDs which fulfil these conditions are shown in A.3 and A.4. 4 Lamp types and filters 4.1 Examples of different lamp types 4.1.1 Xenon lamps In a pure xenon lamp, the light generation volume is cone-shaped, and the luminous intensity falls off exponentially moving from cathode to anode.
40、 Electrons passing through the plasma cloud strike the anode, causing it to heat. Pure xenon short-arc lamps have a “near daylight“ spectrum, that is, the light output of the lamp is relatively flat over the entire colour spectrum. All xenon short-arc lamps generate significant amounts of ultraviole
41、t radiation while in operation. Xenon has strong spectral lines in the UV bands, and these readily pass through the fused quartz lamp envelope. Unlike the borosilicate glass used in standard lamps, fused quartz does not attenuate UV radiation. The UV radiation released by a short-arc lamp can cause
42、a secondary problem of ozone generation. Equipment that uses short-arc lamps as the light source shall contain UV radiation and prevent ozone build-up. Many lamps have a low-UV blocking coating on the envelope and are sold as “Ozone Free“ lamps. Some lamps have envelopes made out of ultra-pure synth
43、etic, which roughly PD CEN/TS 16599:2014CEN/TS 16599:2014 (E) 7 doubles the cost, but which allows them to emit useful light into the so-called vacuum UV region. These lamps are normally operated in a pure nitrogen atmosphere. NOTE Xe-Arc-bow lamps show the disadvantage when broader areas than 100*1
44、00 mm2have to be irradiated homogeneously. 4.1.2 Halogen lamps A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen lamp, is an incandescent lamp with a tungsten filament contained within an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine. The combination of the halogen gas and the t
45、ungsten filament produces a chemical reaction known as a halogen cycle which increases the lifetime of the filament and prevents darkening of the bulb by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament. Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operated at a higher temperature
46、than a standard gas-filled lamp of similar power and operating life. The higher operating temperature results in light of a higher colour temperature (blue shift). Because of their smaller size, halogen lamps can be used advantageously with optical systems that are more efficient in how they cast em
47、itted light. Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halogen lamp produces a continuous spectrum of light, from near ultraviolet to deep into the infrared. 4.1.3 Fluorescence lamps A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapour. The excited
48、 mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet radiation that then causes a phosphor to fluorescence, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost of the
49、lamp. The lamp fixture is more costly because it requires a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp. While larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in commercial or institutional buildings, the compact fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular sizes as incandescent and is used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. NOTE 1 The United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies fluorescent lamps as hazardous waste, and recommends that they be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe
