1、BSI Standards PublicationPower electronics systems and equipment Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including design recommendations for their emission values below 150 kHzPD IEC/TS 62578:2015National forewordThis Published Document is the UK imple
2、mentation of IEC/TS 62578:2015.It supersedes DD IEC/TS 62578:2009 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PEL/22, Power electronics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication
3、 does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 75477 7ICS 29.200Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal
4、 obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578 Edition 2.0 2015-04 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPECIFI
5、CATION TECHNIQUE Power electronics systems and equipment Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including design recommendations for their emission values below 150 kHz Systmes et quipements lectroniques de puissance Conditions de fonctionnement et car
6、actristiques des convertisseurs alimentation active (AIC), y compris les recommandations de conception pour leurs valeurs dmission infrieures 150 kHz INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-2585-1 Registered trademark of the Int
7、ernational Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agr. colourinsidePD I
8、EC/TS 62578:2015 2 IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 9 INTRODUCTION . 11 1 Scope 12 2 Normative references 12 3 Terms and definitions 13 4 General system characteristics of PWM active infeed converters connected to the power supply network 18 4.1 General . 18 4.2 Basic topologies and op
9、erating principles . 18 4.2.1 General . 18 4.2.2 Operating principles . 18 4.2.3 Equivalent circuit of an AIC 20 4.2.4 Filters 21 4.2.5 Pulse patterns . 21 4.2.6 Control methods 22 4.2.7 Control of current components . 22 4.2.8 Active power factor correction 22 4.3 AIC rating . 23 4.3.1 General . 23
10、 4.3.2 Converter rating under sinusoidal conditions . 23 4.3.3 Converter rating in case of harmonic currents 23 4.3.4 Converter rating under dynamic conditions 24 5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) considerations for the use of AICs 24 5.1 General . 24 5.2 Low-frequency phenomena ( 150 kHz) . 44
11、5.3.1 General . 44 5.3.2 Mitigation of distortion . 44 5.3.3 Immunity 44 5.3.4 EMI filters 44 5.4 Audible noise effects . 45 5.5 Leakage currents 45 5.6 Aspects of system integration and dedicated tests 45 6 Characteristics of a PWM active infeed converter of voltage source type and two level topolo
12、gy 46 6.1 General . 46 6.2 General function, basic circuit topologies 46 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 3 6.3 Power control 49 6.4 Dynamic performance . 50 6.5 Desired non-sinusoidal line currents . 50 6.6 Undesired non-sinusoidal line currents 50 6.7 Availability and system aspects
13、. 51 6.8 Operation in active filter mode 52 7 Characteristics of a PWM active infeed converter of voltage source type and three level topology 52 7.1 General function, basic circuit topologies 52 7.2 Power control 53 7.3 Dynamic performance . 53 7.4 Undesired non-sinusoidal line currents 54 7.5 Avai
14、lability and system aspects . 54 8 Characteristics of a PWM Active Infeed Converter of Voltage Source Type and Multi Level Topology 55 8.1 General function, basic circuit topologies 55 8.2 Power control 56 8.3 Dynamic performance . 57 8.4 Power supply network distortion 57 8.5 Availability and syste
15、m aspects . 57 9 Characteristics of a F3E AIC of the Voltage Source Type 58 9.1 General function, basic circuit topologies 58 9.2 Power control and line side filter . 59 9.3 Dynamic performance . 61 9.4 Harmonic current 61 10 Characteristics of an AIC of Voltage Source Type in Pulse Chopper Topology
16、 . 62 10.1 General . 62 10.2 General function, basic circuit topologies 62 10.3 Desired non-sinusoidal line current . 63 10.4 Undesired non-sinusoidal line current . 63 10.5 Reliability 63 10.6 Performance . 64 10.7 Availability and system aspects . 64 11 Characteristics of a two level PWM AIC of cu
17、rrent source type (CSC) 64 11.1 General . 64 11.2 General function, basic converter connections 64 11.3 Power control 66 11.4 Dynamic performance . 67 11.5 Line current distortion . 68 11.6 Operation in active filter mode 68 11.7 Availability and system aspects . 68 Annex A (informative) . 69 A.1 Co
18、ntrol methods for AICs in VSC (Voltage Source Converter) topology . 69 A.1.1 General . 69 A.1.2 Considerations of control methods . 69 A.1.3 Short-circuit ride through functionality for decentralized power infeed with AIC . 70 A.1.4 Fault ride through mode . 70 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015 4 IEC TS 62578:20
19、15 IEC 2015 A.2 Examples of practical realized AIC applications 72 A.2.1 AIC of current source type (CSC). 72 A.2.2 Active infeed converter with commutation on the d.c. side (reactive power converter) 74 A.3 Details concerning two level and multi-level AICs in VSC Topology. 76 A.3.1 Properties of ac
20、tive infeed converters (PWM) with different number of levels . 76 A.3.2 Examples of typical waveforms of AICs . 77 A.3.3 Construction and realization 78 A.4 Basic transfer rules between voltage and current distortion of an AIC . 78 A.5 Examples of the influence of AICs to the voltage quality . 79 A.
21、6 Withstand capability of power capacitors towards distortion in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 80 A.6.1 General . 80 A.6.2 Catalogue information about permissible harmonic load 82 A.6.3 Frequency boundaries for permissible distortion levels 82 A.6.4 Frequency spectrum of active infeed converters 83 A.
22、6.5 Conclusion 84 A.7 Impact of additional AIC filter measures in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz . 85 A.7.1 General . 85 A.7.2 Example of a PDS constellation (AIC and CSI) 86 A.7.3 Conclusion 88 A.8 Example of the power supply network impedance measurement . 89 A.8.1 General . 89 A.8.2 Basic principle
23、of measurement . 89 A.8.3 Harmonic component injection methods for measurement 90 A.8.4 Harmonic current generation by disturbing device 90 A.8.5 References based on current injection by disturbance (Method A) . 90 A.8.6 References based on sinusoidal single frequency injection (Method B) 92 Annex B
24、 (informative) . 94 B.1 Basic considerations for design recommendations of AICs in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 94 B.1.1 Overview . 94 B.1.2 General . 94 B.1.3 Withstand capability of power capacitors connected to the power supply network and recommendation for the compatibility in the frequency rang
25、e 2 kHz to 9 kHz . 95 B.1.4 Basic conditions for setting the capacitor withstand capability curve 95 B.1.5 Matching of AIC converters (2-Level PWM) to different power supply network conditions without overloading the power capacitor burden. 97 B.1.6 Considerations in regard to medium voltage power s
26、upply networks 99 B.1.7 AIC filtering considerations 100 B.1.8 AIC appropriate technical and economical amount . 100 B.1.9 Frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz 101 B.2 Design recommendations for conducted emission of low voltage AICs in the reasonable context of higher frequencies between 9 kHz and 1
27、50 kHz 102 B.2.1 General . 102 B.2.2 Data collection results . 103 B.2.3 Conclusions . 105 Bibliography 107 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 5 Figure 1 AIC in VSC topology, basic structure 19 Figure 2 AIC in CSC topology, basic structure . 19 Figure 3 Equivalent circuit for the interac
28、tion of the power supply network with an AIC 20 Figure 4 Voltage and current vectors of line and converter at fundamental frequency for different load conditions . 23 Figure 5 The basic issues of EMC as tools of economics . 24 Figure 6 Typical power supply network current iL(t) and voltage uLN(t) of
29、 a phase controlled converter with d.c. output and inductive smoothing . 26 Figure 7 Typical power supply network current iL(t) and voltage uLN(t) of an uncontrolled converter with d.c. output and capacitive smoothing . 26 Figure 8 Typical power supply network current iL(t) and voltage uLN(t) of an
30、AIC realized by a PWM Converter with capacitive smoothing without additional filters . 26 Figure 9 Example of attainable active and reactive power of the AIC (VSC-type) at different line to line voltages in per unit (with 10 % combined transformer and filter inductor short-circuit voltage, X/R ratio
31、 = 10/1, d.c. voltage = 6,5 kV) . 27 Figure 10 Principle of compensating given harmonics in the power supply system by using an AIC and suitable control simultaneously 28 Figure 11 Typical Voltage Distortion in the Line-to-Line and Line-to-Neutral Voltage generated by an AIC without additional filte
32、rs (u in % and t in degrees) 29 Figure 12 Basic characteristic of the relative voltage distortion (59th harmonic) of one AIC operated at a pulse frequency of 3 kHz versus RSCewith the line impedance according to 5.2.4 . 30 Figure 13 Basic characteristic of the relative current emission (59th harmoni
33、c) of one AIC at a pulse frequency of 3 kHz versus RSCewith the line impedance according to 5.2.4 . 31 Figure 14 Single phase electric circuit of the three commonly used differential mode passive line filter topologies for VSC and one example for passive damping . 31 Figure 15 Example of the attenua
34、tion of the VSC line to line voltage to the line to line voltage at the IPC with state of the art differential mode passive line filter topologies . 32 Figure 16 Connection of the power supply network impedance measurement equipment . 33 Figure 17 Example of the measured impedance of a low-voltage t
35、ransformer under no load condition S = 630 kVA, uk= 6,08 % 34 Figure 18 Measured variation of the power supply network impedance over the course of a day at one location . 34 Figure 19 Power supply network impedance with partly negative imaginary part 35 Figure 20 Distribution of power system impeda
36、nce (measured between phase and neutral conductor) in low-voltage systems versus frequency . 35 Figure 21 Statistical distribution of positive-sequence impedance versus frequency in low-voltage power supply networks . 37 Figure 22 Equivalent circuit describing the power supply network impedance 38 F
37、igure 23 Circuit topology for power system simulation 38 Figure 24 Approximated and measured 50 % impedance curve 39 Figure 25 Single phase circuit topology according to IEC 61000-4-7+ used for line impedance stabilisation network . 40 Figure 26 Three-phase circuit topology for the line impedance st
38、abilisation network 41 Figure 27 Impedance variation in the 90 % curve of the LISN described in Figure 26 . 41 Figure 28 PDS with large d.c. capacitance . 43 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015 6 IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 Figure 29 PDS with large capacitance and line inductor . 43 Figure 30 PDS with a large d.c.
39、capacitance and inductors in the d.c. link . 43 Figure 31 Basic EMI filter topology . 45 Figure 32 Block diagram of a PDS with high frequency EMI filter system . 45 Figure 33 Basic illustration of a topology of a two level PWM voltage source AIC. 47 Figure 34 Typical waveforms of voltages uS1N/ ULN,
40、 1and voltage uS12/ ULN, 1at pulse frequency of 4 kHz. 48 Figure 35 Typical waveforms of the common mode voltage uCM / ULN,1at pulse frequency of 4 kHz. Power supply frequency is 50Hz 48 Figure 36 Waveform of the current iL1/ Iequat pulse frequency of 4 kHz, relative impedance of uSCV,equ= 6 % 49 Fi
41、gure 37 Block diagram of a two level PWM AIC . 49 Figure 38 Distortion of the current iL1of reactance Xequ, pulse frequency: 4 kHz, relative reactance of uSCV,equ = 6 % . 51 Figure 39 Typical voltages uL1N/ ULN, 1and uL12/ ULN, 1at pulse frequency of 4 kHz, relative reactance uSCV,equ= 6 %, RSCe= 10
42、0 51 Figure 40 Basic topology of a three level AIC. For a Power Drive System (PDS) the same topology may be used also on the load side 52 Figure 41 Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltage of a three level PWM converter 53 Figure 42 Example of a sudden load change of a 13 MW three level con
43、verter where the current control achieves a response time within 5 ms 54 Figure 43 Typical topology of a flying capacitor (FC) four level AIC using IGBTs 55 Figure 44 Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltage of a multi-(four)-level AIC . 56 Figure 45 Distorting frequencies and amplitudes in
44、 the line voltage (measured directly at the bridge terminals in Figure 25 and the line current of a multilevel (four) AIC (transformer with 10 % short-circuit voltage) 57 Figure 46 Topology of a F3E AIC . 58 Figure 47 Line side filter and equivalent circuit for the F3E-converter behaviour for the po
45、wer supply network . 59 Figure 48 Current transfer function together with RSCe= 100 and RSCe= 750 and a line side filter: G(f) = iL1/ iconv. 59 Figure 49 PWM voltage distortion over power supply network impedance for F3E-infeed including power supply network side filter . 60 Figure 50 Input current
46、spectrum of a 75kW-F3E-converter 61 Figure 51 Harmonic spectrum of the input current of an F3E-converter with RSCe= 100 . 61 Figure 52 An illustration of a distortion effect caused by a single phase converter with capacitive load 62 Figure 53 a.c. to a.c. AIC pulse chopper, basic circuit 63 Figure 5
47、4 Illustration of a converter topology for a current source AIC . 65 Figure 55 Typical waveforms of currents and voltages of a current source AIC with high switching frequency . 66 Figure 56 Typical block diagram of a current source PWM AIC 67 Figure 57 Current source AIC used as an active filter to
48、 compensate the harmonic currents generated by a nonlinear load . 67 Figure 58 Step response (reference value and actual value) of current source AIC with low switching frequency 33 68 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 7 Figure A.1 Principle sketch for combined voltage- and current-inje
49、cting modulation example for phase leg R . 71 Figure A.2 Example for controlled phase current during a voltage dip at the power supply network using hysteresis plus PWM control . 72 Figure A.3 Typical waveforms of electrical power supply network current and voltage for a current source AIC with low switching frequency 33 72 Figure A.4 Currents and voltages in a (semiconductor) valve device of an AI
