1、BSI Standards PublicationPD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013Identification cards Contactless integrated circuitcards Proximity cards Multiple PICCs in a single PCDfieldCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking
2、permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/IEC TR18268:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IST/17, Cards and personal identification.A list of
3、organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2
4、014ISBN 978 0 580 79179 6ICS 35.240.15Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedCopyr
5、ight British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013 ISO/IEC 2013Identification cards Contactless integrated circuit cards Proximity cards Multiple PIC
6、Cs in a single PCD fieldCartes didentification Cartes circuit(s) intgr(s) sans contact Cartes de proximit Multiples PICCs dans le champ dun seul PCDTECHNICAL REPORTISO/IECTR18268First edition2013-12-15Reference numberISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E)Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS und
7、er license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E)ii ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no p
8、art of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member
9、body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not fo
10、r ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E) ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope .12 Symbols and abbreviated terms .13 General 14 Physical effects of multiple PICCs 24.1 Res
11、onant frequency 24.2 Lowest operating field strength Hlow. 54.3 Loading effect . 64.4 PCD to PICC communication . 74.5 PICC to PCD communication . 75 Addressing multiple PICCs .85.1 CID support 85.2 Altering random UID or PUPI . 85.3 Receiving blocks of other type . 85.4 AFI management . 86 Scenario
12、s .96.1 Passport - multiple visas 96.2 Wallet - multi-industry . 96.3 Possible scenarios . 106.4 Collision avoidance . 10Bibliography .11Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without li
13、cense from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC partic
14、ipate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
15、 and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The
16、 main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies c
17、asting a vote.In exceptional circumstances, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely info
18、rmative in nature and shall be subject to review every five years in the same manner as an International Standard.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
19、 such patent rights.ISO/IEC TR 18268 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 17, Cards and personal identification.iv ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled
20、 Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E)IntroductionExperience from the field has shown that the presence of multiple PICCs in a field can have unexpected results in terms of all PICCs being seen by the
21、PCD and the quality of the communications. This Technical Report seeks to assemble the collective knowledge of the engineering principles involved.This Technical Report is relevant to the standards listed in the Bibliography and an understanding of these is useful in placing this Technical Report in
22、 context. ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved vCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided b
23、y IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013Identification cards Contactless integrated circuit cards Proximity cards Multiple PICCs in a single PCD field1 ScopeThis Technical Report prese
24、nts a collation of industry experience of technical issues resulting from the presence of multiple PICCs in the field of a PCD. It describes how resonance frequencies may shift, how individual PICCs may see a reduced field strength, how multiple PICCs load the PCD, how they may change the local modu
25、lation signal and how PICCs should manage their identities to aid support of simultaneous usage. Scenarios for electronic passports with multiple visas and wallets containing multi-industry cards are explored.2 Symbols and abbreviated termsfrresonant frequencyHlowlowest magnetic field strengthQ qual
26、ity factorPCD proximity coupling devicePICC proximity card or object3 GeneralIn order that multiple PICCs can be reliably presented to a PCD, the following should generally be achieved:a) PICCs presented (within the PCDs operating field) need to receive sufficient power to operate.b) The communicati
27、ons interface between each PICC and the PCD needs to operate reliably (for all PICCs within the PCD operating field).c) The PCD should perform its intended functionality in a manner such that the cardholder experience is reliable and consistent.In an operational contactless interface, there are a nu
28、mber of components that have a mutual interaction. The most dominant of these is the inductive coupling between the coil of the PCD antenna and that of the PICC, plus further interaction between all the PICC antennas if there are multiple PICCs within the field. The interaction is multi-faceted and
29、depends on the coupling factor k between each inductance, the resonant frequency frof the individual PICCs and the quality factor Q of all of the inductive components. Other factors which also have an impact are the size of antenna, separation distance, spatial overlap, PICC loading and the dynamic
30、movement of PICCs through the PCD field.With so many degrees of freedom, it is not possible to describe the definitive outcome for any particular combination of PICCs presented to an individual PCD. However, it is possible to quantify certain aspects with the objective of gaining an improved underst
31、anding of the mechanisms involved. This is expected to lead to recommendations and potential revisions to the standards that will ultimately improve the acceptance of multiple PICCs presented to a single PCD. The main items that can be addressed are: the PICC interaction such that the resulting reso
32、nant frequency of the set of PICCs is lower compared to the resonant frequency of an individual PICC;TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E) ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved 1Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reprodu
33、ction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E) the uneven sharing of power between the PICCs in the field, such that some may receive insufficient power to operate correctly; the influence on PCD modulation caused by close coupled PICCs, s
34、uch that collectively, multiple PICCs in the field will receive a modified modulation signal shape.In order that contactless products continue to have practical application, the reliability and consistency of the user experience needs to be addressed in the following areas: The PCD should be able to
35、 reliably build a list of applications available on the presented PICCs and determine in a consistent manner an order for which it will attempt to undertake its intended function. This process should be easy to understand by the general public and consistent across PCDs such that the user feels in c
36、ontrol. The user interface on the PCD should provide simple feedback to the user, such that they understand when the intended function is completed, or if an issue has occurred. Overall performance (speed of operation) should not be reduced significantly when multiple PICCs are presented such that t
37、he usability of the functionality is compromised.4 Physical effects of multiple PICCs4.1 Resonant frequencyWhen operating within an electro-magnetic field of given frequency, then maximum power coupling would occur if PICCs are tuned to have a resonant frequency equal to the operating frequency of t
38、he field. However, typical PICCs are manufactured to have a resonant frequency higher than the operating frequency (13,56 MHz) to limit the loading effect on PCDs.When the antenna of a PICC is close to another antenna there will be a drop in its resonant frequency (fr). This is due to the capacitive
39、 coupling and mutual inductance that forms between the turns of the coils of the two antennas. From the formula fr= 1/(2LC), if either the capacitance or inductance increases, then the frequency will drop. Both the antenna in the PCD and the antennas of other PICCs in the field will cause this effec
40、t. Generally the coupling to a physically adjacent PICC (or PICCs) will be more than that to the PCD antenna.Figure 1 and Figure 2 show this effect as evaluated experimentally for ISO/IEC 14443 operation using multiple PICCs all having an individual resonance frequency of about 20 MHz.2 ISO/IEC 2013
41、 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E)01230510 15 20 25 30 35f (MHz)Voltage on chip(V)1
42、PICC2 PICC3 PICCFigure 1 Power drop and resonance shift051015202530351234567891011121314151617181920Number of PICCsCollective resonance frequency (MHz)13,56 MHz16 MHz19 MHz22 MHz33 MHzIndividual resonance frequency13,56 MHzFigure 2 Collective resonance frequency vs number of PICCs ISO/IEC 2013 All r
43、ights reserved 3Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013ISO/IEC TR 18268:2013(E)Figure 1 and Figure 2 curves are from a simulation bas
44、ed on the ISO/IEC 10373-6 Test PCD Assembly with a distance between PICC antennas of 1 mm and using the test PCD antenna and PICCs with “Class 1” antenna size as shown in Figure 3.7HVW3 in this case the PCD should ask the user to show only one single PICC relevant to the PCD application.6.3.3 PCD in
45、terrogates all PICCs presented (Application layer)This process: allows a transaction with the PICC relevant to the PCD application when this PICC is the only one relevant to the PCD application, does not allow a transaction with any PICC relevant to the PCD application when more than one PICC is rel
46、evant to the PCD application; in this case the PCD should ask the user to show only one PICC relevant to the PCD application.However this process is: as slow as “Check that only one PICC is present” when a single PICC is presented, slower than all other processes when several PICCs are presented.6.4
47、 Collision avoidanceCollision avoidance may be done by the AFI mechanism which is only available during Type B anticollision. This mechanism can be used in any of the processes described in 6.3 above and will improve their efficiency.However, some PICCs may not answer to REQB/WUPB commands with AFI
48、not equal to 00. Such PICCs may be multi-application PICCs or PICCs which want to prevent an unprotected disclosure of their application. Consequently, PCDs should only use AFI equal to 00 if they are to process these multi-application PICCs.10 ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
