1、BSI Standards PublicationPD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013Fire safety engineering Assessment, verificationand validation of calculationmethodsPart 5: Example of an Egress modelCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or net
2、working permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR16730-5:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FSH/24, Fire safety engineering.A list of organi
3、zations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISB
4、N 978 0 580 74865 3ICS 13.220.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedCopyright B
5、ritish Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013 ISO 2013Fire safety engineering Assessment, verification and validation of calculation methods Part 5: Exa
6、mple of an Egress modelIngnierie de la scurit incendie valuation, vrification et validation des mthodes de calcul Partie 5: Exemple dun modle dvacuationTECHNICAL REPORTISO/TR16730-5First edition2013-12-15Reference numberISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E)Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS un
7、der license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this
8、 publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the
9、 country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo
10、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivDisclaimer .v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 General information on the evacuation model considered . 14 Methodology used in thi
11、s part of ISO 16730 . 2Annex A (informative) Description of the calculation method . 3Annex B (informative) Complete description of the assessment (verification and validation) of the calculation method 9Annex C (informative) Worked example (modelling contra flows during building evacuations) .10Ann
12、ex D (informative) Users manual 19Bibliography .43Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E)ForewordISO (the Interna
13、tional Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has be
14、en established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical stan
15、dardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accorda
16、nce with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details o
17、f any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorse
18、ment.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsib
19、le for this document is ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 4, Fire safety engineering.ISO 16730 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire safety engineering Assessment, verification and validation of calculation methods: Part 3: Example of a CFD model (Technical Report) Part
20、 5: Example of an Egress modelThe following parts are under preparation: Part 2: Example of a fire zone model (Technical Report) Part 4: Example of a structural model (Technical Report)iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Unc
21、ontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E)DisclaimerCertain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this part of ISO 16730 in order to describe a procedure or concept
22、adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification impl
23、y a finding of fault or negligence by the International Standards Organization.For the particular case of the example application of ISO 16730-1 described in this part of ISO 16730, ISO takes no responsibility for the correctness of the code used or the validity of the verification or the validation
24、 statements for this example. By publishing the example, ISO does not endorse the use of the software or the model assumptions described therein, and state that there are other calculation methods available. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under
25、license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted witho
26、ut license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013Fire safety engineering Assessment, verification and validation of calculation methods Part 5: Example of an Egress model1 ScopeISO 16730-1 describes what the contents of a technical documentation and of a users manual should be for an assessment, if the
27、 application of a calculation method as engineering tool to predict real-world scenarios leads to validate results. The purpose of this part of ISO 16730 is to show how ISO 16730-1 is applied to a calculation method, for a specific example. It demonstrates how technical and users aspects of the meth
28、od are properly described in order to enable the assessment of the method in view of verification and validation.The example in this part of ISO 16730 describes the application of procedures given in ISO 16730-1 for an evacuation model (EXIT89).The main objective of the specific model treated in thi
29、s part of ISO 16730 is the simulation of the evacuation of a high-rise building with a large occupant population.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the e
30、dition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16730-1, Fire safety engineering Assessment, verification and validation of calculation methods Part 1: General3 General information on the evacuation model consideredTh
31、e name given to the evacuation model considered in this document is “EXIT89”. EXIT89 is a computer model developed to simulate the evacuation of a high-rise building with a large occupant population. Some of the features of the model include the presence of disabled occupants throughout a structure,
32、 random delay times among occupants to simulate the spread of start times that will occur in large groups of people, the choice of using shortest paths or directed routes for evacuation so that the user can demonstrate the impact of a trained staff streamlining evacuation vs. the crowded use of fami
33、liar paths by an untrained, unassisted population, counterflows, either to simulate the impact of the operations of the fire service or to handle merging flows or the presence of obstructions in the travel path, a choice of options affecting travel speed, and occupant travel up or down stairs.TECHNI
34、CAL REPORT ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E)4 Methodol
35、ogy used in this part of ISO 16730For the calculation method considered, checks based on ISO 16730-1 and as outlined in this part of ISO 16730 are applied. This part of ISO 16730 lists in Annexes A and B the important issues to be checked in a left-hand column of a two-column table. The issues addre
36、ssed are then described in detail and it is shown how these were dealt with during the development of the calculation method in the right hand column of the Annexes A and B cited above, where Annex A covers the description of the calculation method and Annex B covers the complete description of the
37、assessment (verification and validation) of the particular calculation method. Annex C describes a worked example, and Annex D adds a users manual.2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reprodu
38、ction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:2013(E)Annex A (informative) Description of the calculation methodA.1 PurposeDefinition of problem solved or function performed it handles large, complex buildings; it tracks large occupant populations ov
39、er time; combined with a smoke model, it can predict effects of fire spread on evacuation.The evacuation model was designed to be able to handle a large occupant population, to be able to recalculate exit paths after rooms or nodes become blocked by smoke, to track individuals as they move through t
40、he building by recording each occupants location at set time intervals during the fire, and to vary travel speeds as a function of the changing crowd-edness of spaces during the evacuation, i.e. queuing effects.Other features allow the modelling of travel both up and down stairs, as well as the effe
41、ct of counterflows.(Qualitative) description of results of the calculation method Output includes total evacuation time, floor clearing times, stairwell clearing times, exit usage, and details on location of each individual over time.Justification statements and feasibility studiesAt the time the ev
42、acuation model was first written, evacuation models tended to treat building occupants like fluid in a pipe-line, with no behaviours such as delays in responding to alarms, etc. These hydraulic-style models were useful in calculating optimal evacuation times but would consistently calculate times th
43、at were short and unrealistic. The only model that treated occupants as individuals (EXITT) was based on a family group in a home setting. There was a need to develop an evacu-ation model that would fit into the framework of HAZARD I, but allow its application to be extended beyond dwellings, to mor
44、e complex structures like high-rise buildings. The evacuation model developed here is capable of tracking a large population of individuals as they followed exit routes through large and complex structures. The evacuation model uses a shortest route algorithm to move individuals, calculates travel s
45、peeds based on densities at building nodes (or spaces), and used the decision and tenability rules of EXITT concerning reaction to smoke. Over time, new features shown to affect evacuation time, such as counterflows, were added to the model. Delay times for indi-viduals or occupant groups can be sel
46、ected from uniform or log normal distributions. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 16730-5:2013ISO/TR 16730-5:201
47、3(E)A.2 TheoryUnderlying conceptual model (governing phenomena)Time to escape is based on distance to exits and walking speed. Walking speed is based on density, as well as occupant characteristics. Predtech-enskii and Milinskii developed formulae based on observations of occu-pant movement in smoke
48、-free environments, taking into consideration age (adult/child), dress (summer/midseason/winter), and encumber-ances (baggage/knapsack/package/child in arms). In their book, they printed a table showing the results of calculations for people moving on horizontal paths, and up or down stairs, at normal speed and at emer-gency speed. This table was incorporated into the model.Observations of actual evacuations have shown that delay times tend to follow a lognormal distribution. S
