1、 C*/CGSB-9.70-2016 Supersedes CAN/CGSB-9.70-2000 National Standard of Canada Permanence of paper for records, books and other documents Canadian General Standards Board The CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD (CGSB), under whose auspices this standard has been developed, is a government agency within P
2、ublic Services and Procurement Canada. CGSB is engaged in the production of voluntary standards in a wide range of subject areas through the media of standards committees and the consensus process. The standards committees are composed of representatives of relevant interests including producers, co
3、nsumers and other users, retailers, governments, educational institutions, technical, professional and trade societies, and research and testing organizations. Any given standard is developed on the consensus of views expressed by such representatives.CGSB has been accredited by the Standards Counci
4、l of Canada as a national standards-development organization. The standards that it develops and offers as National Standards of Canada conform to the criteria and procedures established for this purpose by the Standards Council of Canada. In addition to standards it publishes as National Standards
5、of Canada, CGSB produces standards to meet particular needs, in response to requests from a variety of sources in both the public and private sectors. Both CGSB standards and CGSB national standards are developed in conformance with the policies described in the CGSB Policy and Procedures Manual for
6、 the Development and Maintenance of Standards.CGSB standards are subject to review and revision to ensure that they keep abreast of technological progress. CGSB will initiate the review of this standard within five years of the date of publication. Suggestions for their improvement, which are always
7、 welcome, should be brought to the notice of the standards committees concerned. Changes to standards are issued either as separate amendment sheets or in new editions of standards.An up-to-date listing of CGSB standards, including details on latest issues and amendments, and ordering instructions,
8、is found in the CGSB Catalogue at our Web site www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/index-eng.html along with more information about CGSB products and services.Although the intended primary application of this standard is stated in its Scope, it is important to note that it remains the responsibility of
9、the users of the standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.The testing and evaluation of a product against this standard may require the use of materials and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with it
10、s use. Anyone using this standard has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety practices in conjunction with any applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use. CGSB neither assumes nor accepts any responsibility for any injury or
11、damage that may occur during or as the result of tests, wherever performed.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Canadian standard may be the subject of patent rights. CGSB shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Users of this st
12、andard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights is entirely their own responsibility.LanguageIn this Standard, “shall” states a mandatory requirement, “should” expresses a recommendation and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible wit
13、hin the limits of this Standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandator
14、y) to define their application.Further information on CGSB and its services and standards may be obtained from:The Manager Standards Division Canadian General Standards Board Gatineau, Canada K1A 1G6A National Standard of Canada is a standard developed by an SCC- accredited Standards Development Org
15、anization (SDO), and approved by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), in accordance with SCCs: Requirements and Guidance-Accreditation for Standards Development Organizations, and Requirements and Guidance-Approval of National Standards of Canada Designation. More information on National Standard
16、requirements can be found at www.scc.ca. An SCC-approved standard reflects the consensus of a number of experts whose collective interests provide, to the greatest practicable extent, a balance of representation of affected stakeholders. National Standards of Canada are intended to make a significan
17、t and timely contribution to the Canadian interest. SCC is a Crown corporation within the portfolio of Industry Canada. With the goal of enhancing Canadas economic competitiveness and social well-being, SCC leads and facilitates the development and use of national and international standards. SCC al
18、so coordinates Canadian participation in standards development, and identifies strategies to advance Canadian standardization efforts. Accreditation services are provided by SCC to various customers, including product certifiers, testing laboratories, and standards development organizations. A list
19、of SCC programs and accredited bodies is publicly available at www.scc.ca. Users should always obtain the latest edition of a National Standard of Canada from the standards development organization responsible for its publication, as these documents are subject to periodic review.The responsibility
20、for approving standards as NSCs rests with:Standards Council of Canada 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 600 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5, CANADAby telephone 819-956-0425 or 1-800-665-2472by fax 819-956-5740by mail CGSB Sales Centre Gatineau, Canada K1A 1G6in person Place du Portage Phase III, 6B1 11 Laurier Str
21、eet Gatineau, Quebecby email ncr.cgsb-ongctpsgc-pwgsc.gc.caon the Web www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/index-eng.htmlHow to order Publications:NATIONAL STANDARD OF CANADA C*/CGSB-9.70-2016 Supersedes CAN/CGSB-9.70-2000 Permanence of paper for records, books and other documents CETTE NORME NATIONALE D
22、U CANADA EST DISPONIBLE EN VERSIONS FRANAISE ET ANGLAISE. Published February 2016 by the Canadian General Standards Board Gatineau, Canada K1A 1G6 HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA, as represented by the Minister of Public Services and Procurement, the Minister responsible for the Canadian Ge
23、neral Standards Board (2016). No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the publisher. ICS 75.160.20 CGSB 2016 All rights reserved C*/CGSB-9.70-2016 CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD Committee on Permanence of Paper (Voting membership at date of approva
24、l) Chair (Voting) Douek, M. Consultant Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada (PAPTAC) (General interest) General interest category Bgin, P. Canadian Heritage Canadian Conservation Institute Turko, K. Consultant University of Toronto Zou, X. FPInnovations Producer category Guliov, D. Canfor
25、Pulp Ltd. (Taylor) Hay, A. Millar Western Forest Products Ltd. Imray, S. Meadow Lake Mechanical Pulp Inc. Yan, D. West Fraser Mills Ltd. Zhou, Y. Tembec Inc. User category Hill, R. Queens University Joy, L. University of Toronto Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library Maheux, A. Library and Archives Canada
26、Ubbink, K. Ubbink Book and Paper Conservation Secretary (Non-voting) Bouvier, P. Canadian General Standards Board Acknowledgment is made for the translation of this National Standard of Canada by the Translation Bureau of Public Services and Procurement Canada.C*/CGSB-9.70-2016 CGSB 2016 All rights
27、reserved i Contents Page Introduction ii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Requirements for permanence 3 4.1 General requirements . 3 4.2 Mechanical permanence 3 4.3 Mechanical and optical permanence 3 5 Statement of compliance 3 Annex A (informative) Modifications t
28、o the alkaline reserve test method 5 Annex B (informative) Notes on optical permanence . 6 Bibliography . 7 C*/CGSB-9.70-2016 ii CGSB 2016 All rights reserved Introduction This standard was developed by the Canadian General Standards Board Subcommittee on Permanence of paper. This Subcommittee was e
29、stablished in November 1991 and was harmonized with the Canadian Advisory Committee on ISO/TC 46/SC 10 Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation for the review and development of standards relating to the permanence of paper, and was approved by the CGSB Committee on Printing
30、 and writing paper. As in other nations, Canadian librarians, archivists and conservators have long observed the rapid deterioration which threatens much of our paper-based heritage. While storage conditions and environmental factors contribute to this deterioration, scientists also recognized that
31、some of the components and chemical processes used in the manufacture of paper play a large role in its decomposition. Deacidification, microfilm and digital technology can help forestall the loss of deteriorating materials but are costly solutions for libraries and archives. The simple preventative
32、 strategy of printing records and publications on permanent paper can help ensure that our heritage is still usable hundreds of years from today. In drafting this standard, the Committee began with the definition of paper permanence found in the ANSI and ISO standards: the ability of paper to last a
33、t least several hundred years without significant deterioration under normal use and storage conditions in libraries and archives. The Committee recognized that two aspects of permanence are involved: mechanical permanence or the maximum retention of the papers strength properties; and optical perma
34、nence, which is not scientifically defined but is generally assumed to mean the maximum retention of the papers original brightness and colour. Librarians and archivists are concerned about those parameters of permanence which affect the long-term usability of paper and the legibility of the informa
35、tion it contains. While mechanical permanence is essential in all cases, the need for optical permanence is variable. For many applications, a degree of change in appearance can be tolerated provided it does not have a negative impact on the legibility or reproducibility of the information. For some
36、 documents with high aesthetic or artifactual value, any degree of visible change is undesirable. While permanent paper standards exist in other countries, the debate in Canada centered on the limitation on lignin content common to these standards. This resulted in Canadas decision to submit an abst
37、aining vote on the Draft International Standard DIS 9706. Both ANSI/NISO Z39.48:1992 and ISO 9706:1994 standards contain references to the fact that some alkaline papers with levels of lignin higher than those specified in their standard passed the accelerated aging tests used in their standard deve
38、lopment process. However, alkaline papers containing more than 1 % lignin were subsequently excluded due to the expressed need for further research to define more precisely the conditions under which higher levels of lignin are compatible with paper permanence. ISO also indicated concern over the la
39、ck of scientific certitude around the effects of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere on lignin-containing fibres. Addressing the need to learn more about the impact of lignin on paper permanence before work could begin on a Canadian standard, the CGSB Subcommittee on Permanence of paper
40、 developed a research program for which Government and industry sponsorship was obtained. The requirements in this standard are based upon the results of this Canadian Co-operative Permanent Paper Research Project1, which concluded its three-year examination of the impact of lignin on paper permanen
41、ce in April 1997. This research which confirmed earlier work on mechanical properties, found that an alkaline reserve is very effective in reducing the negative impact of airborne pollutants and accelerated aging in both lignin-containing and lignin-free 1Zou, X., Gurnagul, N., Deschtelets, S., Bgin
42、, P., Iraci, J., Grattan, D., Kaminska, E., and Woods, D., “Canadian Co-operative Permanent Paper Research Project: The impact of Lignin on Paper Permanence”, Final report, January 1998. C*/CGSB9.702016 iii CGSB 2016 All rights reserved sheets2. The key finding of this project was that in alkaline p
43、apers buffered with calcium carbonate (those with a pH of 7.0 or higher), the presence of lignin has no negative impact on their mechanical permanence. An adequate alkaline buffer is, therefore, the main determinant of mechanical permanence of paper. The CGSB standard responds to questions raised ab
44、out the inclusion of lignin in permanent papers by providing a scientifically-based specification for mechanical permanence. This standard recognizes that there are no specifications and thus no optical permanence assurances offered in any of the permanent paper standards published at the time of th
45、is writing. Because there is an absence of usable science on which to base specifications, in order to give a greater level of assurance to paper buyers and users, the Committee concluded that the CGSB standard would offer guidance that will potentially provide for a high level of optical permanence
46、 based on accumulated practical experience (see Annex B). In addition, several ISO standards (ISO 5630 series) on accelerated ageing are available to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment, atmospheric pollutants, or exposure to light. As a result of these discussions, two categories of permanence
47、 have been established: 1) mechanical and 2) mechanical and optical. 2Zeisler, P., Hamm, U., and Gottsching, L., “The Effect of Air Pollutants on the Permanence of Paper. Part I: Graphic Papers”, Das Papier 10: 616-628 (1995). CGSB 2016 All rights reserved 1 C*/CGSB-9.70-2016 Supersedes CAN/CGSB-9.7
48、0-2000 Permanence of paper for records, books and other documents 1 Scope This National Standard of Canada defines permanence requirements for paper in a broad range of coated and uncoated paper grades. When used in conjunction with other CGSB paper standards specifying each grades performance and p
49、hysical requirements, this standard defines additional requirements necessary to provide a high degree of certainty that a paper will remain usable for several hundred years without significant deterioration, under normal use and storage conditions in libraries and archives. A key objective of the standard is to ensure that paper buyers and specifiers have clear information on the permanence of any paper product meeting the requirements of this standard. The standard applies to a broad range of paper grades common
