1、 Reference numberISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E)ISO/IEC 2003Information technology Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: ExtensionsTechnologies de linformation Compression sans perte et quasi sans perte dimages fixes model continu: Extensions National Standard of CanadaCAN/
2、CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-2:04(ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003)International Standard ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003 (first edition, 2003-04-01) has been adopted without modification(IDT) as CSA Standard CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-2:04, which has been approved as a National Standard of Canadaby the Standards Council of Canada.ISBN 1
3、-55397-329-1 January 2004The Canadian Standards Association (CSA), The Standards Council of Canada is theunder whose auspices this National Standard has been coordinating body of the National Standards system, produced, was chartered in 1919 and accredited by a federation of independent, autonomoust
4、he Standards Council of Canada to the National organizations working towards the furtherStandards system in 1973. It is a not-for-profit, development and improvement of voluntarynonstatutory, voluntary membership association standardization in the national interest.engaged in standards development a
5、nd certification The principal objects of the Council are to foster activities. and promote voluntary standardization as a means CSA standards reflect a national consensus of of advancing the national economy, benefiting theproducers and users including manufacturers, health, safety, and welfare of
6、the public, assisting consumers, retailers, unions and professional and protecting the consumer, facilitating domestic organizations, and governmental agencies. The and international trade, and furthering internationalstandards are used widely by industry and commerce cooperation in the field of sta
7、ndards.and often adopted by municipal, provincial, and A National Standard of Canada is a standard whichfederal governments in their regulations, particularly in has been approved by the Standards Council ofthe fields of health, safety, building and construction, Canada and one which reflects a reas
8、onableand the environment. agreement among the views of a number of capableIndividuals, companies, and associations across individuals whose collective interests provide to theCanada indicate their support for CSAs standards greatest practicable extent a balance ofdevelopment by volunteering their t
9、ime and skills to representation of producers, users, consumers, andCSA Committee work and supporting the Associations others with relevant interests, as may be appropriateobjectives through sustaining memberships. The more to the subject in hand. It normally is a standardthan 7000 committee volunte
10、ers and the 2000 which is capable of making a significant and timelysustaining memberships together form CSAs total contribution to the national interest.membership from which its Directors are chosen. Approval of a standard as a National Standard ofSustaining memberships represent a major source of
11、 Canada indicates that a standard conforms to theincome for CSAs standards development activities. criteria and procedures established by the StandardsThe Association offers certification and testing Council of Canada. Approval does not refer to theservices in support of and as an extension to its t
12、echnical content of the standard; this remains thestandards development activities. To ensure the continuing responsibility of the accreditedintegrity of its certification process, the Association standards-development organization.regularly and continually audits and inspects products Those who hav
13、e a need to apply standards arethat bear the CSA Mark. encouraged to use National Standards of CanadaIn addition to its head office and laboratory complex whenever practicable. These standards are subject in Toronto, CSA has regional branch offices in major to periodic review; therefore, users are c
14、autioned centres across Canada and inspection and testing to obtain the latest edition from the organizationagencies in eight countries. Since 1919, the preparing the standard.Association has developed the necessary expertise to The responsibility for approving National Standards meet its corporate
15、mission: CSA is an independent of Canada rests with theservice organization whose mission is to provide an Standards Council of Canadaopen and effective forum for activities facilitating the 270 Albert Street, Suite 200exchange of goods and services through the use of Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7standar
16、ds, certification and related services to meet Canadanational and international needs.For further information on CSA services, write toCanadian Standards Association5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 5N6CanadaAlthough the intended primary application of this Standard is stated in
17、its Scope, it is importantto note that it remains the responsibility of the users to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.Registered trade-mark of Canadian Standards AssociationCAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-2:04 compression of continuous-tone still images: ExtensionsInformation technology Loss
18、less and near-lossless January 2004 Canadian Standards Association CSA/1CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-2:04Information technology Losslessand near-lossless compression ofcontinuous-tone still images:ExtensionsCSA PrefaceStandards development within the Information Technology sector is harmonized with interna
19、tionalstandards development. Through the CSA Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCIT),Canadians serve as the Canadian Advisory Committee (CAC) on ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 onInformation Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) for the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the ISO memberbody for
20、Canada and sponsor of the Canadian National Committee of the IEC. Also, as a member of theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), Canada participates in the International Telegraph andTelephone Consultative Committee (ITU-T).This International Standard was reviewed by the CSA TCIT under the jur
21、isdiction of the StrategicSteering Committee on Information Technology and deemed acceptable for use in Canada. (Acommittee membership list is available on request from the CSA Project Manager.) From time to time,ISO/IEC may publish addenda, corrigenda, etc. The CSA TCIT will review these documents
22、for approvaland publication. For a listing, refer to the CSA Information Products catalogue or CSA Info Update orcontact a CSA Sales representative. This Standard has been formally approved, without modification, bythe Technical Committee and has been approved as a National Standard of Canada by the
23、 StandardsCouncil of Canada.January 2004 Canadian Standards Association 2004All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission ofthe publisher. ISO/IEC material is reprinted with permission. Where the words “this International Stand
24、ard” appear in thetext, they should be interpreted as “this National Standard of Canada”.Inquiries regarding this National Standard of Canada should be addressed to Canadian Standards Association 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6 1-800-463-6727 416-747-4044www.csa.ca
25、Reference numberISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E)ISO/IEC 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC14495-2Second edition2003-04-01Information technology Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: ExtensionsTechnologies de linformation Compression sans perte et quasi sans perte dimages fix
26、es model continu: Extensions ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the comput
27、er performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create
28、 this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the C
29、entral Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from eithe
30、r ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org ii ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reservedISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All righ
31、ts reserved iiiCONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards 1 2.2 Additional references 1 3 Definitions, abbreviations, symbols and conventions 2 3.1 Definitions. 2 3.2 Abbreviations 2 3.3 Symbols. 2 4 General . 3 4.1 Extensions specified
32、 by this Recommendation | International Standard. 4 4.1.1 Encoding with arithmetic coding 4 4.1.2 Extension of near-lossless coding . 4 4.1.3 Extension of prediction . 5 4.1.4 Extension of Golomb coding 5 4.1.5 Fixed length coding. 5 4.1.6 Sample transformation for inverse colour transforms . 5 4.2
33、Descriptions of extended functions . 5 5 Interchange format requirements 6 6 Encoder requirements. 6 7 Decoder requirements. 6 8 Conformance testing for extensions . 7 8.1 Purpose 7 8.2 Encoder conformance tests 7 8.3 Decoder conformance tests . 7 Annex A Encoding procedures with arithmetic coding f
34、or a single component. 10 A.1 Coding parameters and compressed image data 10 A.2 Initializations and conventions 10 A.2.1 Initializations. 10 A.2.2 Conventions for figures. 12 A.3 Context determination. 12 A.3.1 Local gradient computation. 12 A.3.2 Flat region detection 13 A.3.3 Local gradient quant
35、ization. 13 A.3.4 Quantized gradient merging 14 A.3.5 Adjustment of error tolerance for near-lossless coding with visual quantization 14 A.4 Prediction 14 A.4.1 Edge-detecting predictor . 14 A.4.2 Prediction correction . 14 A.4.3 Computation of prediction error 15 A.4.4 Error quantization for near-l
36、ossless coding, and reconstructed value computation 16 A.4.5 Modulo reduction of the prediction error 16 A.5 Prediction error encoding 16 A.5.1 Error mapping . 17 A.5.2 Binarization of MErrval with the Golomb code tree. 17 A.5.3 Mapped-error encoding. 18 A.6 Update variables 18 A.6.1 Update. 18 A.6.
37、2 Bias computation. 21 A.7 Flow of encoding procedures 22 ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) iv ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reservedPage Annex B Arithmetic coding 24 B.1 Arithmetic encoding procedures . 24 B.1.1 Binary arithmetic encoding principles 24 B.1.2 Procedures of arithmetic coding 25 B.2 Arithmetic decodi
38、ng procedures . 28 B.2.1 Binary arithmetic decoding principles 28 B.2.2 Procedures of arithmetic decoding 28 Annex C Encoding with arithmetic coding for multiple component images 30 C.1 Introduction. 30 C.2 Line interleaved mode. 30 C.2.1 Description 30 C.2.2 Process flow 30 C.3 Sample interleaved m
39、ode 30 C.3.1 Description 30 C.3.2 Process flow 31 C.4 Minimum coded unit (MCU) 31 Annex D Extended functions for the baseline coding model 32 D.1 Extensions of near-lossless coding 32 D.1.1 Near-lossless coding with visual quantizaion . 32 D.1.2 Near-lossless coding with NEAR value re-specification
40、32 D.2 Extensions of prediction on baseline coding model 33 D.2.1 Initializations. 33 D.2.2 Prediction correction . 33 D.2.3 Symbol packing. 33 D.2.4 Update variables 34 D.2.5 Run interruption sample encoding 35 D.2.6 Flow of encoding procedures 35 D.3 Extension of Golomb coding. 35 D.3.1 Golomb cod
41、e completion 36 D.3.2 Run interruption handling for qbpp=1 36 Annex E Fixed length coding . 37 E.1 Introduction. 37 E.2 Fixed length coding. 37 Annex F Sample transformation for inverse colour transform . 38 F.1 Inverse colour transform . 38 F.2 Example and guideline (Informative) 39 Annex G Compres
42、sed data format 41 G.1 General aspects of the compressed data format specification . 41 G.1.1 Marker assignments 41 G.1.2 JPEG-LS preset parameters specification syntax 41 Annex H Control procedures for extensions. 48 H.1 Control procedure for encoding a restart interval 48 H.2 Control procedure for
43、 encoding a minimum coded unit (MCU) with fixed length code (FLC) . 48 Annex I Conformance tests. 51 I.1 Test images . 51 I.1.1 Source images . 51 I.1.2 Compressed image data. 51 I.1.3 Test image formats 51 Annex J Patents 53 J.1 List of patents 53 Annex K Bibliography 55 ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) ISO
44、/IEC 2003 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of Interna
45、tional Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison w
46、ith ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical
47、 committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn
48、 to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 14495-2 was prepared jointly by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcom
49、mittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information, in collaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as ITU-R Recommendation T.870. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 14495-2:2002), which has been technically revised. ISO/IEC 14495 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Lossless and near-lossles compression of continuous-tone still images: Part 1: Baseline Part 2: Extension
