1、 Reference numberISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)ISO/IEC 2004Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Application requirements profiles Technologies de linformation Identification par radiofrquence (RFID) pour la gestion dobjets Profils de conditions dapplication National St
2、andard of CanadaCAN/CSA-ISO/IEC TR 18001:05(ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004)Technical Report ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004 (first edition, 2004-10-15) has been adopted withoutmodification (IDT) as CSA Standard CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC TR 18001:05, which has been approved as aNational Standard of Canada by the Standards Counci
3、l of Canada.ISBN 1-55397-987-7 October 2005The Canadian Standards Association (CSA), under whose auspices this National Standard has been produced, was chartered in 1919 and accredited by the Standards Council of Canada to the National Standards system in 1973. It is a not-for-profit, nonstatutory,
4、voluntary membership association engaged in standards development and certification activities. CSA standards reflect a national consensus of producers and users including manufacturers, consumers, retailers, unions and professional organizations, and governmental agencies. The standards are used wi
5、dely by industry and commerce and often adopted by municipal, provincial, and federal governments in their regulations, particularly in the fields of health, safety, building and construction, and the environment. Individuals, companies, and associations across Canada indicate their support for CSAs
6、 standards development by volunteering their time and skills to CSA Committee work and supporting the Associations objectives through sustaining memberships. The more than 7000 committee volunteers and the 2000 sustaining memberships together form CSAs total membership from which its Directors are c
7、hosen. Sustaining memberships represent a major source of income for CSAs standards development activities. The Association offers certification and testing services in support of and as an extension to its standards development activities. To ensure the integrity of its certification process, the A
8、ssociation regularly and continually audits and inspects products that bear the CSA Mark. In addition to its head office and laboratory complex in Toronto, CSA has regional branch offices in major centres across Canada and inspection and testing agencies in eight countries. Since 1919, the Associati
9、on has developed the necessary expertise to meet its corporate mission: CSA is an independent service organization whose mission is to provide an open and effective forum for activities facilitating the exchange of goods and services through the use of standards, certification and related services t
10、o meet national and international needs.For further information on CSA services, write toCanadian Standards Association5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 5N6CanadaThe Standards Council of Canada is the coordinating body of the National Standards system, a federation of independent
11、, autonomous organizations working towards the further development and improvement of voluntary standardization in the national interest. The principal objects of the Council are to foster and promote voluntary standardization as a means of advancing the national economy, benefiting the health, safe
12、ty, and welfare of the public, assisting and protecting the consumer, facilitating domestic and international trade, and furthering international cooperation in the field of standards. A National Standard of Canada is a standard which has been approved by the Standards Council of Canada and one whic
13、h reflects a reasonable agreement among the views of a number of capable individuals whose collective interests provide to the greatest practicable extent a balance of representation of producers, users, consumers, and others with relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. It
14、normally is a standard which is capable of making a significant and timely contribution to the national interest. Approval of a standard as a National Standard of Canada indicates that a standard conforms to the criteria and procedures established by the Standards Council of Canada. Approval does no
15、t refer to the technical content of the standard; this remains the continuing responsibility of the accredited standards development organization. Those who have a need to apply standards are encouraged to use National Standards of Canada whenever practicable. These standards are subject to periodic
16、 review; therefore, users are cautioned to obtain the latest edition from the organization preparing the standard.The responsibility for approving National Standards of Canada rests with theStandards Council of Canada270 Albert Street, Suite 200Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7CanadaAlthough the intended pri
17、mary application of this Standard is stated in its Scope, it is importantto note that it remains the responsibility of the users to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.Registered trade-mark of Canadian Standards AssociationCette norme est offerte en anglais seulement pour le moment. L
18、a CSA publiera la version enfranais ds quelle sera produite par lorganisme rdacteur.CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC TR 18001:05Information technology Radio frequency identificationfor item management Application requirements profilesOctober 2005 Canadian Standards Association CSA/1CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC TR 18001:05Informa
19、tion technology Radio frequency identification for item management Application requirements profilesCSA PrefaceStandards development within the Information Technology sector is harmonized with international standards development. Through the CSA Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCIT),
20、Canadians serve as the Canadian Advisory Committee (CAC) on ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 on Information Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) for the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the ISO member body for Canada and sponsor of the Canadian National Committee of the IEC. Also, as a member of the Inter
21、national Telecommunication Union (ITU), Canada participates in the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (ITU-T).At the time of publication, ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004 is available from ISO and IEC in English only. CSA will publish the French version when it becomes available from
22、ISO and IEC.This Technical Report was reviewed by the CSA TCIT under the jurisdiction of the Strategic Steering Committee on Information Technology and deemed acceptable for use in Canada. (A committee membership list is available on request from the CSA Project Manager.) From time to time, ISO/IEC
23、may publish addenda, corrigenda, etc. The CSA TCIT will review these documents for approval and publication. For a listing, refer to the CSA Information Products catalogue or CSA Info Update or contact a CSA Sales representative. This Standard has been formally approved, without modification, by the
24、 Technical Committee and has been approved as a National Standard of Canada by the Standards Council of Canada.October 2005 Canadian Standards Association 2005All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission ofthe publisher. ISO/I
25、EC material is reprinted with permission. Where the words “this Technical Report” appear in the text, they should be interpreted as “this National Standard of Canada”.Inquiries regarding this National Standard of Canada should be addressed toCanadian Standards Association5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100
26、, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N61-800-463-6727 416-747-4044www.csa.caReference numberISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)ISO/IEC 2004TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IECTR18001First edition2004-10-15Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Application requirements profiles Technologie
27、s de linformation Identification par radiofrquence (RFID) pour la gestion dobjets Profils de conditions dapplication ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be e
28、dited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a
29、 trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member
30、bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or m
31、echanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www
32、.iso.org ii ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reservedISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword. v Introduction . vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 1 5 ARP survey and questionnaire 2 5.1 AIM Survey. 2 5.
33、1.1 Application selection 2 5.1.2 Tag characteristics . 2 5.1.3 Application characteristics 2 5.2 ANSI MH 10/SC 8 . 3 5.3 Dortmund University. 3 6 ARP survey results and its analysis . 3 6.1 Classification of application 3 6.2 Operating range 4 6.3 Memory size. 5 6.4 Initial work for the first targe
34、t application 5 6.4.1 Memory size 70 cm WORM Application: Waste (domestic), Baggage Handling Books / Videos (libraries) Container Control 6.4.2 128 byte 70 cm Read / Write Application: Warehouse Logistics. Pallet Control (returnable plastic container) Asset tracking 7 Technical subjects for standard
35、ization (Common items for applications) Figure 2 The Principal of RF Tag Communications 7.1 The variation of operating range The reader/writer antenna transmits power and signals to the tags by propagated electromagnetic waves or inductive coupling, and tags emit the response signal to the reader/wr
36、iter antenna. At inductive frequencies, the operating range (X, Y, Z directions) is affected to a greater extent by the antenna size of the reader/writer and the antenna size of the tag, than are systems operating at UHF or microwave frequencies. The operating range when writing is less than reading
37、 due to current dissipation. The tags with battery cell have a greater operating range than tags without a battery cell. In general, an extended operating range requires a significantly larger antenna for both the reader/writer and the tag. The interference level in the environment can also have a s
38、ignificant effect on operating range. Further, there are many factors that affect the operating range including tag orientation, overlap with other tags environmental noise, absorption, reflection, shadowing and the effects caused by the presence of metallic material etc. Signal Power XY TagSignal R
39、eader/Writer AntennaISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved 77.1.1 Influence of tag orientation Contrasted to bar codes systems, RFID systems have an advantage of a wider operating range. Like bar codes, the RFID tags can be attached to various surfaces, e.g., the side of the conta
40、iner. When the orientation (polarization) of tag is changed, the operating range is changed. For example, the 90-degree change of orientation may cause the 20-100% deterioration of the operating range. These are shown in Figure 3. Reader/Writer Tag 1 Tag 2 Reader/Writer Tag 1 Tag 2 Figure 3 The Infl
41、uence of Tag Orientation Tags can be read from one side or from both sides, where the former type gives better reading range at a certain output power. If the tag cannot be oriented during the reading process, dual-sided reading adds value to the application. The tag can be freely oriented around th
42、e interrogators radiation axis if circular polarization is used in the system. It is possible to read the tag horizontally as well as vertically, without consideration of how the interrogators are installed. The tag can be freely oriented in relation to the interrogator if circular polarization is u
43、sed and if the tag is designed for omni-directional reading. This configuration is of value if the objects are completely unaligned, such as various items on a conveyor belt or where people use the tag for personal access and find it difficult to orient the tag in a special way. 7.1.2 Influence of o
44、verlap of inductive tags When the RFID tags are attached to the smaller size items, such as books or letters, the distance between tag to tag may become very short. For example, at inductive frequencies when the two tags are overlapped at 50% of the tag size, the operating range may be reduced by ab
45、out 30% compared to the case of one tag. The degree of reduction is different in each tag system, particularly for different carrier frequencies and tag size. The influence is caused by the variation of resonance frequency f0 that expressed in formula below, LCf210= ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) 8 ISO/IE
46、C 2004 All rights reservedL H:Inductance of tag antenna coil C F: Capacity of tags tuning capacitor Figure 4 The Influence of Tag Orientation 7.1.3 Influence of metallic materials In the RFID tags system, if the tags are attached to the surface of metallic material, particularly ferrous material, th
47、e operating range is affected and in worst case tags cannot be accessed by reader/writer. The presence of liquids, which include ions in solution, affects operating range as well as metal. The influence of liquid presence increases with the frequency. The minimum distance between tag and metallic ma
48、terial should be required to ensure the access of tag. Note: “d” is the gap between tag and the metallic material Figure 5 The Influence of Metallic Material Reader/WriterAntenna one tag two tags Operating Range Reader/Writer Tag Metallic dISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved 97
49、.2 Determining the access time of RFID tags In RFID systems, the reader/writer antenna may need to access moving tags. The communication time “TC“ between reader/writer and tags can be estimated, not considering the internal processing time of both the reader/writer and tag, as follows, The tag moves distance “L” at the velocity Vtag, in the operating range of the reader/writer. TR is the time that the tag remains within the operating range of the reader/writer antenna field, would be estimated: For
