1、 CEA Bulletin Recommended Loudspeaker Safety Practices CEA-CEB19 August 2007 NOTICE Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facil
2、itating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for his particular need. Existence of such Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or nonmem
3、ber of CEA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards, Bulletins or other technical publications, nor shall the existence of such Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications preclude their voluntary use by those other than CEA members, whether the standard is t
4、o be used either domestically or internationally. Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications are adopted by CEA in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, CEA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any
5、obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard, Bulletin or other technical publication. This CEA Standard is considered to have International Standardization implication, but the International Electrotechnical Commission activity has not progressed to the point where a valid comparison betwee
6、n the CEA Standard and the IEC document can be made. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to dete
7、rmine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (Formulated under the cognizance of the CEAs R1 Product Safety EIA-426, Loudspeaker Optimum Amplifier Standard, the international standard IEC-60268-5, Sound System Equipment Part 5: Loudspeakers, and in other documents. The general a
8、pproach used in this document is a systems approach. That is, the function of the entire system is the primary concern rather than the hazard potential of individual components or materials. However, some specifications and testing recommendations for individual components are included as a matter o
9、f course, as they relate to safety and quality control issues. Many tests given in this document may be inherently hazardous and thus adequate safeguards for testing personnel and property should be employed while conducting such tests. In using this document as a guide for determining the potential
10、 hazard of loudspeaker products, please note that all sections are interrelated and thus the whole document should be used in concert. For Example: Section 5 indicates that goods in shipment are exposed to temperatures between +65C (150F) and -30 C (-22F) and relative humidity as high as 95%. These
11、extremes should be considered when choosing materials that are given the flammability tests described in Section 6.1. The first draft of this document was written by the EIA/CEG/R-1 Product Safety Committee in 1987. The second draft was revised and expanded by the combined efforts of the EIA/CEG/R-1
12、 Product Safety Committee and the National Sound 2004 Graphical Symbols for use in Equipment Index and Synopsis 3rdEdition NFPA-90A- 2002, Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials NFPA 255 St
13、andard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials NFPA 70, National Electrical Code 2005, Article 640, “Audio Signal Processing, Amplification and Reproduction Equipment” UL 263 Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, a test standard for fire-rated ceiling sys
14、tems. UL 1492-1996, Audio-Video Products and Accessories 1 UL 2043-1996, 2ndEdition, Fire Test for Heat and Visible Smoke Release for Discrete Products and Their Accessories Installed in Air-Handling Spaces UL-60950 Safety of Information Technology Equipment UL 1694-2004, Standard for Tests for Flam
15、mability of Small Polymeric Component Materials CEA-426-B, Loudspeakers, Optimum Amplifier Power, July 1998. IEC 61032, Ed. 2-1997 Protection of persons and equipment by enclosures - Probes for verification 1These referenced standards are expected to be made obsolete in the year 2010 and replaced by
16、 UL 60065. 2CEA-CEB19 2.2 Acquisition of Referenced Documents ANSI Standards: Global Engineering Documents2, World Headquarters, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO USA 80112-5776; Phone 303-397-7956 or 800-854-7179; Fax 303-397-2740; URL: http:/; Email: ASTM Standards: ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959 USA Phone: (610) 832-9585 Fax: (610) 832-9555 http:/www.astm.org/ CEA Standards: Global Engineering Documents, World Headquarters, 15 Inverness ay East, Englewood, CO USA 80112-5776; Phone 303-397-7956 or 800-854-7179; Fax 303-397-2740; I
18、nternet URL: http:/; Email: CSA Standards: Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario L4W 5N6 Canada; Phone: 800-463-6727 or 416-747-4000; Fax: 416-747-2473; URL: http:/www.csa.ca; Email: salescsa.ca IEC Standards: International Electrotechnical Commission, 3
19、 rue de Varembe, P.O. Bo x 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland; Phone: +41 22 919 02 11; Fax: +41 22 919 03 00; URL: http:/www.iec.ch; Email: infoiec.ch ISO Standards: International Organization for Standardization, 1 rue de Varembe, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland; Phone: +41 22 749 011
20、1; Fax: +41 22 733 34 30; URL: http:/www.iso.org; Email:centraliso.org NFPA Standards: National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA 02169-7471; Phone: +1 617 770-3000; Fax: +1 617 770-0700; URL: http:/www.nfpa.org; Email:custservnfpa.org 2Many standards liste
21、d by other standards developing organizations are also available from Global Engineering Documents 3CEA-CEB19 UL Standards: COMM 2000, 1414 Brook Drive, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; Phone: 888-853-3503; Fax +1 630-932-7312; URL: http:/m- Email: orderscomm-; 3 Glossary 3.1 Acronyms 5V a vertical bur
22、n rating defined in UL94 AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction ANSI American National Standards Institute AS Australian Standard ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BS British Standard CD Committee Draft CEA Consumer Electronics Association CEG Consensus Electrical Group CSA Canadian Standar
23、ds Association DS Danish Standards EIA Electronics Industries Alliance EN European Norm HB a horizontal burn rating, defined in UL 94 HBF a horizontal burn rating, defined in UL 94 HF-0 Horizontal Flammability - used in ratings for foam, defined in UL 94 HF-1 Horizontal Flammability - used in rating
24、s for foam, defined in UL 94 HF-2 Horizontal Flammability - used in ratings for foam, defined in UL 94 IEC International Electrotechnical Commission ISO International Organization for Standardization LOPD Loudspeaker Overload Protective Device NFPA National Fire Protection Association NSCA National
25、Systems Contractors Association (formerly National Sound by using materials of low flammability for internal parts in the vicinity of potential ignition sources; and by using enclosures to limit the spread of fire. 6.1.1 Materials or Parts that could be Ignited Materials or parts that could be ignit
26、ed either from sources of thermal ignition or electrical ignition should be considered. Some examples of potential ignition sources are; protective devices, resistors, lamps, terminals, internal wiring, cross-over networks, their assemblies, and components. The selection of materials for flammabilit
27、y may be done by one of the following methods: 1. The flammability classification of materials is shown in Table 6.1. The selection of material with classifications shown on Table 6.1 will usually result in a loudspeaker assembly that passes the flammability test for the class. When making this sele
28、ction, the electrical ignition of components testing (Section 7) is not necessary. Or, 2. Select a material without a flammability classification and subject the material to the flammability test for the class of material. Or, 3. The complete loudspeaker assembly is to be tested by applying a test f
29、lame to each component likely to ignite. Starting with the voice coil and working to each additional component, a flame is to be applied as follows: a) A needle flame per UL1694 is to be applied to the outer perimeter of the lowest point of the voice coil or dust cap of a loudspeaker intended to be
30、mounted vertically. On a loudspeaker intended to be mounted horizontally, the flame is to be applied to the outer perimeter of the voice coil nearest the voice coil terminal leads. (See 6.1.2.3). b) Working inward from the dust cap of the loudspeaker, the needle flame is to be applied to each additi
31、onal component most likely to become ignited or possibly propagate flame. (See 6.1.2.3). 4. The electrical components of the loudspeaker assembly can be evaluated for flammability by subjecting them to the electrical ignition tests in Section 7.10CEA-CEB19 Table 6.1 Materials Flammability Guide Mate
32、rial Recommended Material Properties Flammability Classification (see note) Acceptable alternative with testing equivalence to recommended material Metal Not Applicable. No Rating Needed Not Applicable. No Rating Needed Wood or Wood Composite Not Applicable. No Rating Needed Not Applicable. No Ratin
33、g Needed Polymeric material (including Printed Wiring Boards) used as direct support of a current carrying part or that may come in contact with a potential ignition source V-1, V-0, -5V V-2, HB with testing to 6.1.2.2 Sound deadening material that may come in contact with a potential ignition sourc
34、e Min V-2, HF-2 Min HB with testing to 6.1.2.2 Enclosures with continuous audio RMS operating power of greater than 240 watts. Enclosures with continuous audio RMS operating power of 15 240 watts. Enclosures with audio operating power less than 15 W Small components with an overall volume less than
35、2500 mm3that may be a source of ignition or come in contact with a source of ignition. Min V-0 Min V-1 Min HB SC-1, SC-0, SC-TC1, SC-TC0 V-2, HB with testing to 6.1.2.2, or Abnormal Tests, Electrical Ignition in Section 7 HB with testing to 6.1.2.2, or Abnormal Tests, Electrical Ignition in Section
36、7 Abnormal Tests, Electrical Ignition in Section 7 Not Applicable Note: The above are suggested minimum flammability ratings and may be more stringent than necessary. The above flammability classifications for enclosures are suggested ratings for flame containment. For all of the above, the use of l
37、ower rated materials, or materials without a rating, may be acceptable by conducting the flammability tests in 6.1.2. Grille covering material, cloth, reticulated foam, and the soft parts of a speaker (surround, spider) may be evaluated for flammability by tests outlined in 6.1.2.4. 11CEA-CEB19 6.1.
38、2 Flammability Testing General -The adequacy of the flammability characteristics of materials or parts covered in this document may be determined by testing those components as assembled in the final loudspeaker assembly. Note that flammability testing of the materials or parts alone, suspended in a
39、ir, may significantly change the air circulation pattern from what it actually is when mounted in the final product. Generally components ignite and burn more readily when tested alone. Flammability testing may be done by manually igniting (using an applied source of ignition, such as a flame) the m
40、aterial or part which is either under test or which could conceivably be ignited from a potential source of ignition. For some products, where there is more than one material or part to test, it may be advisable to perform several tests on different products (or assemblies within the product), for e
41、ach of the individual materials or parts. Sample Conditioning - Prior to the application of the flames in 6.1.2., the sample is to be conditioned for 7 hours in a full draft air-circulating oven at 70 C (158F), followed by four hours at 23 C (73 F), both at 50 %RH. The complete loudspeaker assembly
42、is to be placed on a single layer of tissue paper, and a single layer of cheesecloth is to be draped over the assembly. During this testing the testers should protect themselves from flame and smoke. All tests should be performed in a location that can be made draft free for the duration of the test
43、. Air movement (beyond what occurs by natural convection) around the samples under test can significantly increase the likelihood of combustion and can make the test unrepeatable. 6.1.2.1 Materials with flammability classifications of -5VA Materials with flammability classifications of -5VA may be s
44、ubjected to a 127 mm (5 in.) flame as described in UL94. Five applications of the test flame, with each application consisting of at least 5 seconds of the test flame in contact with the material and 5 seconds between each application. The test is considered to be completed after the fifth flame is
45、removed and the material ceases to flame or glow. At the completion of the test, there should be no ignition of the cheesecloth or tissue paper or visible flame extension outside of the enclosure and there should be no exposure of hazardous live parts. 6.1.2.2 Materials with flammability classificat
46、ions of -V0 HB Materials with flammability classifications of -V0 HB may be subjected to a 20 mm (3/4 in) test flame as described in UL94. Five applications of the test flame, with each application consisting of at least 30 seconds of the test flame in contact with the material and 60 seconds betwee
47、n each application. The test is considered to be completed after the fifth flame is removed and the material ceases to flame or glow. At the completion of the test, there should be no ignition of the cheesecloth or tissue paper or visible flame extension outside of the enclosure, and there should be
48、 no exposure of hazardous live parts. 6.1.2.3 Materials with flammability classifications of SC-1, SC-0, SC-TC1, and SC-TC0 Materials with flammability classifications of SC-1, SC-0, SC-TC1, and SC-TC0 may be subjected to the needle flame as described in UL 1694. Two applications of the test flame,
49、with each application consisting of at least 5 seconds of the test flame in contact with the material and 60 seconds between each application. The test is considered to be completed after the second flame is removed and the material ceases to flame or glow. At the completion of the test, there should be no ignition of the cheesecloth or tissue paper or visible evidence of flame impingement on the outside surface of the enclosure, and there should be n
