1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 13983:2003 Characterization of sludges Good practice for sludge utilisation in land reclamation ICS 13.030.20; 13.080.99 PD CEN/TR 13983:2003 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 25 July 2003 BSI 25 J
2、uly 2003 ISBN 0 580 42324 7 National foreword This Published Document is the official English language version of CEN/TR 13983:2003. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/5, Sludge characterization, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations re
3、presented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Ind
4、ex”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related
5、 international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 24, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the d
6、ocument was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR13983 July2003 ICS13.030.20;13.080.99 Englishversion CharacterizationofsludgesGoodpracticeforsludge utilisationinlandreclamation CaractrisationdesbouesBonnespr
7、atiquespourla valorisationdesbouespourreconstitutiondesol CharakterisierungvonSclmmenGutepraxisdes SclammeinsatzesbeiderRekultivierung ThisTechnicalReportwasapprovedbyCENon22December2002.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC308. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechR
8、epublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36
9、B1050Brussels 2003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CEN/TR13983:2003ECEN/TR13983:2003(E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 References4 3 Termsanddefinitions. .4 4 Generalconsiderations .5 5 Preliminaryprocedures .8 6 Operationalproce
10、dures 18 7 Monitoring.20 AnnexATypicalmunicipalsewagesludgenutrientcontents .22 AnnexBExampleofcalculationofsludgeapplicationrates(singleapplication)basedonmaximum nutrientloads . 23 Bibliography 24CEN/TR13983:2003(E) 3 Foreword ThisdocumentCEN/TR13983:2003hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC30
11、8“Characterisationof sludges”,thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyAFNOR. ThestatusofthisdocumentasTechnicalReporthasbeenchosenbecausethemostofitscontentisnot completelyinlinewiththepracticeandregulationineachmemberstate.Thisdocumentgivesrecommendations foragoodpracticeconcerningsludgesforutilisationinlandr
12、eclamation.CEN/TR13983:2003(E) 4 1Scope ThisTechnicalReportgivesindicationonsludgeutilisationwithinreclamationprogrammesofdisturbedland. ThisTechnicalReportisapplicabletosludgesdescribedinthescopeofCEN/TC308;forexample: storm water handling; urbanwastewatercollectingsystems; urbanwastewatertreatment
13、plants; treatingindustrialwastewatersimilartourbanwastewater(asdefinedinDirective91/271/EEC18); watersupplytreatmentplants; waterdistributionsystems; sludgederivedmaterials; butexcludinghazardoussludgesfromindustry. NOTE Becauseofthewiderangeofreclamationsiteswheresludgeuseasasoilameliorateorsourceo
14、fplantnutrientsis beneficial,andthedifferentpotentialfinalusesofthesesites,recommendationsforapplicationshouldbeconsideredona sitebysitebasis.Itisfarbeyondthescopeoftheseguidelinestodescribeallthepossiblesituationsandtheindividualw aysin whichsludgecouldbeused.Theaimistoaddress,inageneralqualitative
15、way,thekeyissueswhichwilldetermineineach particularcasewhether,howmuchandwhichtypeofsludgecanbeused. Planningconsiderations(clause5)areemphasisedduetothefactthatageneralschemecanbeadoptedasa commonprocedureinnearlyallsituations. 2References EN1085:1997, WastewatertreatmentVocabulary. EN12832:1999, C
16、haracterisationofsludgesUtilisationanddisposalofsludgesVocabulary . EN122558, WastewatertreatmentplantsPart8:Sludgetreatmentandstorage. ISO566713:1997, WaterqualitySamplingPart13:Guidanceonsamplingofsludgesfromsewageand watertreatmentworks. ISO10381, SoilqualitySampling. CR13097, Characterisationofs
17、ludgesGoodpracticeforutilisationinagriculture. CR13714, CharacterisationofsludgesSludgemanagementinrelationtouseordisposal. CR13846, Recommendationstopreserveandextendsludgeutilisationanddisposalroutes. 3 Termsanddefinitions ForthepurposesofthisTechnicalReport,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninEN12832and
18、EN1085andthe followingtermsanddefinitionsapply. 3.1 sludgeutilisation beneficialandharmlessuseofsludgebasedon3.2EN12832:1999CEN/TR13983:2003(E) 5 3.2 landreclamation improvementorrestorationofthenaturalsoilfunctionsofdisturbedlande.g.byapplicationofsludgeorother humusproducingmaterial3.14EN12832:199
19、9 NOTE Accordingtotheecologicalaimofthereclamationproject,thefinalintendedusecanfitintothreedifferent approaches: 1) restoration,whentheclosestreproductionofthepreviousecosystemorlanduse(e.g.agriculture)isintended; 2) rehabilitation,iftheaimisjusttoachieveanecosystem/landusesimilartotheoriginalone;
20、3) newassignment,whenthereisanattempttoachieveadifferentuseorecosystemtotheoneexistingbeforeland disturbance. 3.3 disturbedland landsodamagedbyhumanusesornaturalcausesthathasthesoilpropertiesandfunctionsdrasticallyimpaired NOTE1 Examplesofdisturbedlandaregivenin4.1. NOTE2 Naturalsoilfunctionsare: 1)
21、 abasisforlifeandhabitatforpeople,animals,plantsandsoilorganisms; 2) partofnaturalsystems,especiallybymeansofitsnutrientandwatercycles; 3) amediumfordecomposition,balanceandrestorationasaresultofitsfiltering,bufferingandsubstanceconversion properties. 4 Generalconsiderations 4.1 Propertiesofdisturbe
22、dland Underthegeneraltermof“disturbedland“wheresludgemightbebeneficiallyused,itispossibletofindsitesof verydifferentorigins.Examplesofthem(inanonexhaustivelist)arethefollowing: deepminespoils(particularlycollieryspoils); stripminespoils/opencastminesites; sandandgravelexcavationsites; constructionsi
23、tesandroadverges; highlyerodedareasandabandonedagriculturalsoils; disturbedurbansites; abandoned military areas; finishedareasoflandfillsites; formerindustrialsites; depositionsitesofdredgedmaterials. Despitethewiderangeofsituations,itispossibletodefinesomecommonfeatures,namely: theygenerallypresent
24、aharshenvironmenttoestablishvegetationwithouttreatment;CEN/TR13983:2003(E) 6 topsoil,ifpresent,isusuallydeficientinnutrientsandlacksorganicmatter; poorphysicalpropertiesareusuallyfound. Inaddition,disturbedsitescanoftenbeharmfultothesurroundingenvironmentduetotheircurrentstatus.They cancauseproblems
25、suchaswaterpollutioncausedbyhigherosionrates,presenceoftoxiclevelsoftracemetals , acidleachate,aestheticimpactandotherlanddegradationproblems. Thereclamationofdisturbedsitesconstitutesaneedinanysoilprotectionpolicy,interpretingsoilprotectioninits broadersensetoincludeerosioncontrol,avoidanceoftoxici
26、tyandimprovementofsoilcapacitytosupportplant growth. Thefinalgoalofareclamationprogrammeistoreestablishthedrasticallydisturbedsoilfunctionsofthesesitesin suchawaythatthefinalintendeduseispossible(e.g.aselfsustaininganddiversevegetationinlandscapingora productivesoilforagriculturaluse).Therapidestabl
27、ishmentofavegetativelayerisessentialsincesoilcoverisa keyelementininitialsitestabilisation.Inthisinitialgoal,sludgecanbeconsideredasasuitableproduct. 4.2 Valueofsludgeinlandreclamation Thebiological,chemicalandphysicalqualitiesofdifferentsludgetypesdependonthecompositionofwaterfrom whichtheyarederiv
28、edandtheextentofprocessingtheyreceiveduringwaterandsludgetreatment.Therelative importanceofsludgequalitycriteriavariesaccordingtotheutilisationoption.Inthecaseofitsuseasamaterial whichimprovesthenaturalsoilfunctionsortocreateatopsoilsubstitutemixedwithothermaterialsinreclamation ofdisturbedsites,the
29、valueofsludgerestsontwomaincomponents: organicmatter Organicmatterimprovesthepoorphysicalconditionsofdisturbedsoilbyimprovingsoil structureandstructuralstability,permeabilityandwaterholdingcapacity.Thehighorganiccarboncontentalso providesanenergysourceforstimulatingfunctioningmicrobialcommunities,mo
30、dulatesthenutrientuptake andactsasapHbuffer; plantnutrients Generally,thenutrientcontentofsludgesismainlyinorganicformsandarethusreleased slowlyprovidingagradualsupplyofnutrients(e.g.nitrogenandphosphorusinsewagesludge).Theorganic fertilisercharacteristicsofsludgeareadvantageoussinceanutrientreserve
31、forlongtermplantgrowthcanbe appliedinoneapplication,butaccountmustbetakenofthepossiblepollutionduetonutrientlosses. TypicalmunicipalsewagesludgenutrientcontentsaregiveninannexA. Theapplicationofsewagesludge,orothersludgeshavingsimilarproperties,can“kickstart“soilprocesses, stabilisesoilstructureandp
32、rovidethereservesofplantnutrientsthatarenecessaryforsuccessfulland reclamation.Otherkindsofsludgesmaynotbeabletoachievethiseffectwithoutsupplementingwithplant nutrientsbutcanbevaluablebecauseofotherproperties,forexample,theirpHadjustmentcapabilities(e.g.lime sludgesfromdrinkingwaterworks)ortheirrole
33、assoiltexturemodifiers(e.g.addingsilttoexcessivelydrained coarsetexturedsoils). Althoughsludgecanbeusedatdifferentstages(duringsiteworkingandinsiteaftercare),sludgeuseinland reclamationusuallyimpliesasingletwostepoperation:applicationofasuitableamountofsludgeandrevegetation ofthetreatedarea. Despite
34、therecognisedbeneficialrolethatsludgecanplayinreclamationprojects,whenitisproperlymanaged, andthenumeroussuccessfulexperiencesreportedinbibliography3,4,somepotentialenvironmentaleffects shouldbetakenintoaccountwhenusingsludge.Sucheffects,ifappropriatemeasuresareadopted,areusually negligiblewhencompa
35、redtothosepresentonsitepriortoreclamation.Theuseofsludgeinlandreclamation programmescanconstituteincertainsituationsthebestoptionfromtheenvironmentalandeconomicpointofview. Thebeneficialuseofsludgesisabalanceofbenefitagainstrisk.Therefore,thegeneralprinciplethatshould prevailisthatthesludgeutilisati
36、oninlandreclamationshouldbecompatiblewithanyfuturelanduse. Consequentlyaconservativeapproachintheapplicationratesandsludgequalityrequirementsshouldbeadopted. Landreclamationshouldbeconsideredjustlikeanotheroutletinsludgelandapplicationprogrammesandallthe environmentalandpublichealthissues,particular
37、lythoseregardingsoilandwaterprotection,shouldbeobserved. Disturbedsitesforreclamationresultfrommanyformerusesandmayberestoredforvariousfutureuses;which willrequireappropriatestandardstobeadopted.CEN/TR13983:2003(E) 7 Theaimofthisguidelineistomaximisebenefitsfromrecyclingthevaluableresourcespresentin
38、sludgeorsludge derivedproducts,whilstreducingthepotentialforadverseenvironmentaleffects. 4.3 Legislationframework ThereisagenerallackofspecificregulationsinrelationtotheuseofsludgeinlandreclamationattheEuropean andNationallevels. However,differentregulationscancontainprovisionsapplicabletocertainasp
39、ectsofsludgeuseforreclamation purposeswhichshouldbeconsultedtoachievecompliance.Theseregulationsvarybetweencountriesbuttheyare usuallywithinthelegislationframeworkdefinedby: waste legislation; fertiliser legislation; environmentalprotectionlegislation; waterlegislation; soilprotectionlegislation; mi
40、ning legislation. Accordingtothecriteriastatedintheseregulations,sludgeusecanberestrictedinspecificareas(e.g.becauseof currentmetalconcentrationsinsoil,naturereservesornitratevulnerablezones).Itshouldbenotedthat,underthis framework,thelegalstatusofdifferentsites(e.g.areasunderminingormilitarylaw)can
41、influencetheplanningand implementationofreclamationmeasures.Notificationand/orapprovalofapplicationprogrammes,recordkeeping andsubmissionofreportstopertinentauthoritiescanbelegalrequirementsforsludgeuseinlandreclamation. Thepriorityofrecyclingoverotherdisposalroutesinthewastemanagementhierarchyandth
42、edutytoreclaim particularsitesafterexploitation,arealsostatedasgeneralcriteria. TherequirementsofEUDirective86/278/EEC16ontheprotectionoftheenvironment,andinparticularofthe soil,whensewagesludgeisusedinagriculture“andthenationalregulationsrelatedtosludgeapplicationfor agriculturalpurposesdonotapplys
43、ystematicallytotheuseofsewagesludgenortoothersludgesinthescopeof thisguideinlandreclamation.Nevertheless,sometimestheprovisionsoftheseregulationsareadoptedortaken as“referencevalues“,especiallyifthefinalintendeduseofthedisturbedsiteisagriculture.Insuchcases,the specifiedcriteriaforsludgeandsoilqualityandmaximumapplicationratescanhavetobeobserved.However,the revisionofEUDirective86 /278/EECislike
