1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 14715:2004 Safety of machinery Ionizing radiation emitted by machinery Guidance for the application of technical standards in the design of machinery in order to comply with legislative requirements ICS 13.220.10 PD CEN/TR 14715:2004 This Published Document was published
2、 under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 8 July 2004 BSI 8 July 2004 ISBN 0 580 44028 1 National foreword This Published Document is the official English language version of CEN/TR 14715:2004. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
3、MCE/3, Safeguarding of machinery, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be foun
4、d in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are respo
5、nsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep t
6、he UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 27 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document i
7、ndicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 14715 June 2004 ICS 13.220.10 English version Safety of machinery - Ionizing radiation emitted by machinery - Guidance for the applicat
8、ion of technical standards in the design of machinery in order to comply with legislative requirements Scurit des machines - Rayonnements ionisants mis par les machines - Guide pour lapplication des normes techniques dans la conception des machines afin de satisfaire aux exigences rglementaires Sich
9、erheit von Maschinen - Von Maschinen emittierte ionisierende Strahlung - Leitfaden zur Anwendung von technischen Normen bei der Konstruktion von Maschinen um den gesetzlichen Anforderungen zu entsprechen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 3 November 2003. It has been drawn up by the Techni
10、cal Committee CEN/TC 114. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,
11、Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN natio
12、nal Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 14715:2004: ECEN/TR14715:2004(E) 2 Contents 1 Scope 4 2 Relevantlegislation .4 2.1 EuropeanDirectives . .4 2.1.1 MachineryDirective98/37/EC(Currentlyunderrevision) . 4 2.1.2 Directive96/29/EURATOMonBasicSafetyStandardsfortheprotectionofthehealthof workersandthegeneralpub
13、licagainstthedangersarisingfromionizingradiation4 2.2 NationalLegislation .5 3 StandardTechnicalSpecifications . .6 4 OtherSourcesofInformation .6 5 MethodologyforcompliancewithMachineryDirectiveRadiation.6 5.1 General6 5.2 FullcompliancewithESR .7 5.3 AlternativeapproachtocompliancewithESR . 7 5.3.
14、1 General7 5.3.2 Reductionofemissionlevels .7 5.3.3 Methodsforlimitingtheaccesstoirradiatedarea .8 5.3.4 Furtheractions. 9 6 MeasurementofRadiationEmissions .9 7 InstructionsforUse .9 AnnexA (informative) Examplesoftechnicalstandardsrelatingtoionizingradiationemissionsfrom machinery .10 A.1 TypeCSta
15、ndardsrelatingtomachinesthatmayemitionizingradiation.10 A.2 TypeBStandardsonshieldingpropertiesofmaterialsagainstionizingradiation .15 A.3 TypeBStandardsrelatingtomeasurementofionizingradiationemissions .16 AnnexB (informative) ExamplesofdocumentspublishedbyInternational,Europeanandnational organisa
16、tions26 Bibliography 27CEN/TR14715:2004(E) 3 Foreword ThisdocumentCEN/TR14715:2004hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC 114“Safetyof machinery”,thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyDIN. AnnexesAandBareinformative. AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowi
17、ng countriesareboundtoannouncethisTechnicalReport:Austria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark, Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta, Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdomCEN/TR14
18、715:2004(E) 4 Introduction Machinesmayemitionizingradiationeitherfromincorporatedradioactivesourcesorhighvoltageaccelerators(e.g. Xraymachines).Exposureofpeopletoionizingradiationstayingclosetothemachinerymaypresentariskto health.Tocontrolthesehealthrisks,requirementsarespecifiedinEuropeanandNationa
19、llegislation.The legislationthatregulatesthedesign,manufactureandsupplyofmachinesistheEuropeanMachineryDirective, (98/37/EC).Systemsfortheprotectionofworkersagainsttheeffectsofionizingradiationarespecifiedina EURATOMDirective(96/29/EURATOM).Detailedtechnicalfeaturesaresetoutininternational,Europeana
20、nd nationalstandards. 1Scope Thepurposeofthisreportistogiveguidanceon: a) howtocomplywiththerelevantlegislativerequirements,and b) howtotakeintoaccountthetechnicalrecommendationsspecifiedinInternational,EuropeanandNational Standards whenmachinesemittingionizingradiationaredesignedandbuilt. 2 Relevan
21、tlegislation 2.1 EuropeanDirectives 2.1.1 MachineryDirective98/37/EC(Currentlyunderrevision) OneofthepurposesofthisDirectiveistoprovideauniformapproachtomaintainingorimprovingthelevelof safetydesignofmachinery.TheAnnex1totheMachineryDirectivelistsalltheessentialhealthandsafety requirements(ESRs)rela
22、tingtothedesignandconstructionofmachinery.Ofthese,ESR1.5.10forRadiation states: “Machinerymustbesodesignedandconstructedthatanyemissionof(Proposedamendmentspecifiesboth ionizingandnonionizing ,RevisionCOM(2000)899final20010126 )radiationislimitedtotheextentnecessary foritsoperationandthattheeffectso
23、nexposedpersonsarenonexistentorreducedtonondangerous proportions.“ ThisdocumentgivesguidanceonhowtocomplywithESR1.5.10or,ifitisnotpossibleduringthedesignor buildingstagetoreducetheemissionlevelstonondangerousproportions,howtoproceedinordertofulfilthe MachineryDirective. Whenconsideringionizingradiat
24、ionemissions,therecanbenoimpedimenttosupplyofthemachineswithinthe EuropeanUnioniftherequirementsoftheESR1.5.10ESR1.6.11inproposedAmendment,RevisionCOM(2000) 899final20010126havebeenachieved. 2.1.2 Directive96/29/EURATOMonBasicSafetyStandardsfortheprotectionofthehealthofworkersand thegeneralpublicaga
25、instthedangersarisingfromionizingradiation Therequirementsforthehealthprotectionofthegeneralpublicandworkersagainstthedangersofionizing radiationarelaiddowninCouncilDirective96/29/EURATOM.ThisDirectiveisbasedontheprinciplesputforward bytheInternationalCommissionforRadiationProtection(ICRP)intheirPub
26、licationN60. EURATOMDirectivecontainsamongothersrequirementssuchas:CEN/TR14715:2004(E) 5 a) maximumpermissibledosescompatiblewithadequatesafety; b) maximumpermissiblelevelsofexposureandcontamination; c) fundamentalprinciplesgoverningthehealthsurveillanceofworkers. Inadditiontotherequirementsforrestr
27、ictingexposureanddoselimitation,theCouncilDirective96/29/EURATOM alsomakeprovisionsfortheappointmentofqualifiedexperts,designationofareasandworkers,localrules, monitoringtheexposureofemployees,medicalsupervision,notificationofworkactivities,recordkeeping,etc. Therearealsorequirementsfortheinvestigat
28、ionofhighindividualexposuresandincidentsoraccidentsinvolving significantcontaminationorreleasesofradioactivematerial. TheEURATOMDirectiverequirespotentialusersofsourcesofionizingradiationeithertogiveapriorreportoftheir intentiontotherelevantnationalauthority(seearticle3(1)ofEURATOMDirective)ortoobta
29、inanauthorisation fromthenationalcompetentauthority(seearticle4ofEURATOMDirective). Asanexception,forsourcesconsideredassafe,article3(2)ofEURATOMDirectiveallowstheuseofradioactive substancesorelectricalapparatusemittingionizingradiationwithoutreportingorauthorisationifspecified requirementsarefulfil
30、led. Formachinesthisexceptionapplyifthefollowingconditionsarefulfilled: a) machinescontainingradioactivesourceswhichdonotexceeddefinedquantities,intermsofactivityormass activityconcentration(seeAnnex1ofEURATOMDirective); b) machinescontainingradioactivesourcesexceedingthequantitiesorconcentrationval
31、uesspecifiedina), providedthat: 1) itisofatypeapprovedbythenationalcompetentauthority; 2) iftheincorporatedradioactivesourceisconstructedintheformofasealedsource; 3) itdoesnotcause,innormaloperatingconditions,adoserateexceeding1Sv.h 1 atadistanceof0,1m fromanyaccessiblesurfaceofthemachine; 4) condit
32、ionsfordisposalhavebeenspecifiedbythenationalcompetentauthority; c) operationofmachinescontainingelectricalapparatusprovidedthat: 1) itisofatypeapprovedbythenationalcompetentauthority; 2) itdoesnotcause,innormaloperatingconditions,adoserateexceeding1Sv.h 1 atadistanceof0,1m fromanyaccessiblesurfaceo
33、ftheapparatus. Ifamachinecomplieswithoneoftherequirementsspecifiedundera),b)orc)itcanbeconsideredthatthe machinecompliesalsowiththeESR1.5.10ofMachineryDirective. 2.2 NationalLegislation EuropeanDirectivesaredirectedattheMemberStates(MS),whohavetoincorporatetherequirementsintotheir nationallegislatio
34、n.Nationallegislationforthedesign,constructionandsupplyofmachineshavetocontain identicalrequirementstothosesetoutintheMachineryDirective.EuropeanDirectivesfortheprotectionofpeople (e.g.96/29/EURATOM)specifyminimumrequirementswhichmaybemorerestrictivelytranscribedintonational legislationtoprovideahig
35、herlevelofprotection.Thereforeusersofmachinesemittingionizingradiationwillnot onlyhavetocomplywiththenationallegislationarisingfromEuropeanDirectivesbutalsowithanyincreased nationalrequirementstoprotectpeople.CEN/TR14715:2004(E) 6 3 StandardTechnicalSpecifications International,EuropeanandNationalSt
36、andardsmaygiveusefulbackgroundmaterialfordesigners,manufacturers andusersofmachinesemittingionizingradiation.Standardsmayalsoprovidetechnicalspecificationsthatare relevant: tothemeasurementofionizingradiationemissions; todescribetechniquesorgiveinformationonthereductionofemissionsfrommachines; topro
37、videdataontheshieldingpropertiesofvariousmaterials. ExamplesofsuchstandardsarelistedinAnnexA. 4 OtherSourcesofInformation Itisrecognisedthatthereisalargevolumeoftechnicalinformationavailableintheformoftechnicalreports, recommendationsorprofessionalguidelinesgivingusefulbackgroundmaterialfordesigners
38、,manufacturersand usersofmachinesemittingionizingradiation. Organisationspreparingsuchdocumentsareforexample: InternationalCommissionforRadiologicalProtection(ICRP); InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA); OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment/NuclearEnergyAgency(OECD/NEA); AmericanStandar
39、dforTestingMaterial(ASTM); Nationalorganizationsinchargeofhealthandsafety. SomerelevantdocumentspublishedbytheseorganisationsaregiveninAnnexB. 5 MethodologyforcompliancewithMachineryDirectiveRadiation 5.1General TwotypesofapproachesarepossibletocomplywithMachineryDirectiverequirements: afullcomplian
40、cewithalltheESR1.5.10; Ifnotpossible,themachinerymustbedesignedandconstructedwiththepurposeofapproachingthose objectives(e.g.byusingofadditionalshielding). NOTE IfcompliancewithESR1.5.10cannotbemet,inallEURATOMDirectiverequiresadditionalprotectionmeasures. Thesemeasures,whichpurposesaretoreducetheex
41、posureofpeopleduringoperationbymanagementorsegregation,may include: prohibitionofnonessentialaccesstotheirradiatedareas; remotecontrolledandautomaticprocesses; installationofadditionalshieldingbytheuseratworkplaces; useofpersonalprotectiveequipment; limitingtimeofexposure; extendingthedistancesbetwe
42、enthemachineandtheoperators.CEN/TR14715:2004(E) 7 5.2 FullcompliancewithESR ToachievetherequirementoftheESR,thedesignofamachinemustrestrictemissionstoalevelthatisnecessary forthefunctionandthattheeffectsonexposedpersonsarenonexistentorreducedtonondangerousproportions. Theseobjectivescanbemetwhenamac
43、hinecomplieswithoneoftherequirementsspecifiedundera),b)orc)of 2.1.2. NOTE MachinesthatcomplywiththeconditionsspecifiedinArticle3oftheEURATOMDirectivearedeemedtocomply withESR1.5.10. Usingsuchtypeapprovedmachinesmayprovideadvantagestotheuser: a) theuserswillnotberequiredtoreporttothenationalauthoriti
44、estheirintentiontousethemachine; b) typeapprovalrequiresthattheradioactivesubstancesareintheformofsealedsources,therebyreducingthe possibilityofreleasingcontamination; c) machinesthataretypeapprovedmaybeusedwithlessrestrictivecontrolsintheworkplacebecausethey presentaninherentlylowerrisktoworkersandtheenvironment. TofulfilESR1.5.10manufacturersmayneedtoincorporatefeaturesintheirproductsthatreducetheemissions fromthem.Whereatechnicalspecificationexistsfor
