1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 14745:2003 Solid Recovered Fuels ICS 13.030.40; 75.160.10 PD CEN/TR 14745:2003 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 8 December 2003 BSI 8 December 2003 ISBN 0 580 43015 4 National foreword This Publis
2、hed Document is the official English language version of CEN/TR 14745:2003. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its se
3、cretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Cat
4、alogue or of British Standards Online. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promu
5、lgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 85 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Da
6、te CommentsTECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 14745 October 2003 ICS 13.030.40; 75.160.10 English version Solid Recovered Fuels This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 18 july 2003. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 2. CEN members are the national
7、 standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMA
8、LISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 14745:2003 ECEN/TR 14745:2003 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword. 4 Introduction 4 1
9、Scope . 5 2 Terminology. 5 3 Abbreviations 6 4 Summary of conclusions and recommendations 6 5 Status of the waste market 8 6 Status of the market for solid recovered fuels 10 6.1 Market drivers and barriers 10 6.1.1 Community energy policy 10 6.1.2 Community environmental policy . 10 6.1.3 Community
10、 legislation . 11 6.1.4 The Kyoto Protocol. 13 6.1.5 Economic and environmental considerations. 14 6.2 Solid recovered fuel producers. 15 6.3 Solid recovered fuel users. 15 6.4 Methods of processing. 16 6.5 Current market size and potential for growth 16 6.6 Integrated resource and waste management
11、and Cost-Benefit Analysis. 19 7 Review of current standards and related CEN activities 20 7.1 Austria 20 7.2 Finland . 20 7.3 France 20 7.4 Germany. 20 7.5 Italy. 20 7.6 Sweden. 20 7.7 ISO 20 7.8 Related CEN activities 21 8 Proposed approach to standardisation 21 8.1 Preliminary ideas on classificat
12、ion. 21 8.2 Systems for quality assurance 21 9 Conclusions and recommendations. 22 Annex A (informative) Terminology 23 A.1 Definitions from European Directives 23 A.2 Terms and definitions derived from the work of CEN/TC292. 24 A.3 Terms and definitions derived from THERMIE Report “Fuel and Energy
13、Recovery” 25 Annex B (informative) CO 2emissions from selected fuels 28 Annex C (informative) Solid recovered fuel producers in CEN Member countries . 30 C.1 Directory of companies 30 C.2 National commentaries 37 C.3 Composition of solid recovered fuel 41 Annex D (informative) Associations of solid
14、recovered fuel producers in the EU 47 Annex E (informative) Summary of a Cost-Benefit Analysis on Waste to Recovered Fuel 49 E.1 Introduction . 49CEN/TR 14745:2003 (E) 3 E.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis49 E.3 Basic assumptions and scenarios.50 E.4 Results51 E.5 Conclusions .53 E.6 Discussion53 Annex F (inf
15、ormative) Standards for solid recovered fuels55 Annex G (informative) Preliminary ideas on classification and identification systems 58 G.1 Background and objective58 G.2 Terms and definitions .59 G.3 Purpose and use of classification .60 G.4 Preliminary ideas on Classification and Identification Sy
16、stems 61 G.5 Fuel classification by essential fuel properties61 G.6 A Fuel Identification system (FID)62 G.7 Example 62 G.8 Templates for Data sheet and Specifications.62 Annex H (informative) Survey on solid recovered fuels in CEN Member Countries63 H.1 Introduction63 H.2 Evaluation of documentatio
17、n sheets.64 H.2.1 General .64 H.2.2 Plant data65 H.2.3 Sampling data 65 H.2.4 Digestion 66 H.2.5 Analytical data .66 H.2.6 Applied standards in Europe66 H.2.7 Discussion67 H.3 Conclusions and recommendations68 H.4 Documentation Sheet69 H.5 Evaluation tables .77 H.5.1 Sampling, reduction, digestion a
18、nd analytical methods.77 H.5.2 Analysis 79 H.5.3 Standards .81 Bibliography85CEN/TR 14745:2003 (E) 4 Foreword This document CEN/TR 14745:2003 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/SS NO2 “Solid fuels“, the secretariat of which is held by CMC This European Standard shall be given the status of
19、 a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2004. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
20、 countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom This technical report
21、 considers the production of solid recovered fuels from selected, non-hazardous, mono- and mixed-wastes and has been prepared by members of the CEN Task Force 118 “Solid Recovered Fuels”. Solid recovered fuels can be derived from a wide range of waste streams and are processed into different physica
22、l forms for the (partial) substitution of primary fuels in various combustion technologies. The estimated quantity of solid recovered fuels produced in the European Union in 2000 was 1.4 million tonnes (0.7 Mtoe). That figure is expected to rise to 13 million tonnes (6.5 Mtoe) in 2005 and to continu
23、e to grow as combustible waste that is not suitable for material recovery is diverted from landfill in accordance with the Council Directive on the landfill of waste. This report aims to present sufficient information about the production, use and environmental considerations of solid recovered fuel
24、s to justify the establishment of a Technical Committee for solid recovered fuels by the CEN Technical Board, with the approval of the relevant services of the European Commission (EC). The preparation of the report was supported financially by Contract NNE5-1999-00533 “Waste to Recovered Fuel” awar
25、ded through the ENERGIE Programme of the European Commissions Fifth Framework Programme for research. Annex H of the report was prepared by the European Commissions Joint Research Centre at Ispra, which has participated in the CEN Task Force on behalf of DG Environment Unit A.2 and provides an addit
26、ional survey of solid recovered fuels in CEN Member Countries, including data on fuel properties and composition, sampling techniques and analytical methods. Introduction CEN Task Force 118 “Solid Recovered Fuels” was created by BT Resolution C64/2000 in April 2000. Its aims are to initiate the draf
27、ting of a CEN Report to describe solid recovered fuels and their use, and also to develop a Work Programme for drafting relevant Standards. The Work Programme will provide the basis for a CEN Technical Committee to work on Standards for solid recovered fuels. CEN/TF118 was established as a consequen
28、ce of previous CEN activity in the field of solid biofuels. During the pre-normative work undertaken by CEN Working Group 108 “Solid Biofuels” in 1999/2000 it was decided that the scope of a future Technical Committee should not include fuels comprising waste materials that would be subject to the f
29、orthcoming Council Directive for the incineration of waste. In due course, that limitation wasCEN/TR 14745:2003 (E) 5 applied to the scope of CEN/TC335 “Solid Biofuels” which was established in April 2000, and CEN/TF118 took on the responsibility for investigations into solid recovered fuels. CEN/TF
30、118 maintains a close working relationship with CEN/TC335, to avoid any duplication of effort. This report is concerned with the current and potential market for solid recovered fuels made from non- hazardous, mono- and mixed-wastes, excluding those fuels which are included in the scope of CEN/TC335
31、. The point at which Standards can be applied to solid recovered fuels in the transformation from waste to useful thermal and electrical energy is illustrated in Figure 1 below. It is intended that Standards should be used to promote trade in solid recovered fuels and to improve environmental protec
32、tion. Figure 1 The application of standards to solid recovered fuels 1 Scope This technical report considers the production of solid recovered fuels from selected, non-hazardous, mono- and mixed-wastes. 2 Terminology The terminology used in this report is explained in detail in Annex A. It takes acc
33、ount of terms and definitions derived from European legislation (such as Council Directives), the ongoing work of CEN Technical Committees (such as CEN/TC292 “Characterisation of waste”) and published technical reports. In cases where definitions conflict, those set out in legislation must take prec
34、edence. It is not the aim of this report to introduce standardised terminology and definitions; that will be the task of an expert Working Group within a CEN Technical Committee. The terminology and definitions presented are simply a means to assist the discussion of the topic of solid recovered fue
35、ls and to reduce ambiguity by providing a common point of reference for all participants in the debate. At present, there is no clear definition of Solid Recovered Fuel that can claim general acceptance. However, as a first step, the following definition (based on the term defined in the report “Fue
36、l and Energy Recovery” produced under Contract DIS-1375-97-FI of the European Commissions THERMIE Programme) is offered:CEN/TR 14745:2003 (E) 6 Solid Recovered Fuel is a solid fuel of uniform quality which meets public user-oriented specifications. It is prepared from selected pre- and post-use, non
37、-hazardous combustible waste in a dedicated process applying a quality assurance system. NOTE Note: Combustible wastes fall within the scope of European Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste (WID). Plants incinerating only the following wastes are excluded from the scope of the WID. Thes
38、e wastes are included in the scope of work of CEN/TC335 Solid Biofuels: i) vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry, ii) vegetable waste from the food processing industry, if the heat generated is recovered, iii) fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper f
39、rom pulp, if it is co- incinerated at the place of production and the heat generated is recovered, iv) wood waste with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood-preservatives or coating, and includes in particular s
40、uch wood waste originating from construction and demolition waste, v) cork waste. It will be a clear priority for a future CEN Technical Committee to establish an acceptable definition as a sound basis for the rest of its work. 3 Abbreviations Abbreviations used in this report are listed below: CFB
41、Circulating-fluidised-bed (combustor) IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control IRWM Integrated Resource and Waste Management kt kilotonne (1,000 tonnes) MSW Municipal Solid Waste Mt Megatonne (1,000,000 tonnes) Mtoe Million tonnes of oil equivalent PPWD Packaging and Packaging Waste Directiv
42、e toe tonne of oil equivalent WD Waste Directive WID Waste Incineration Directive 4 Summary of conclusions and recommendations The following conclusions can be drawn from the information presented in the report: 1) Solid recovered fuels can be derived from household waste, commercial waste, industri
43、al waste and other non-hazardous, combustible waste streams.CEN/TR 14745:2003 (E) 7 2) European Standards for solid recovered fuels are important for: the facilitation of trans-boundary shipments (in accordance with the European Regulation 259/93 and the OECD Green List or Appendix B of the Basel Tr
44、eaty) access to permits for the use of recovered fuels cost savings for co-incineration plants as a result of reduced measurements (e.g. for heavy metals) the rationalisation of design criteria for combustion units, and the cost savings for equipment manufacturers that go with it guaranteeing the qu
45、ality of fuel for energy producers. 3) The estimated quantity of solid recovered fuel produced in 2000 was 1,000 kt/a, corresponding to 500 ktoe/a. That figure is expected to rise to 10,000 kt/a in 2005, corresponding to 5,000 ktoe/a. The main market drivers are economic, resulting from the implemen
46、tation of instruments within the framework of European policy on environmental protection. 4) Solid recovered fuels are already used to substitute fossil fuels in cement kilns, power stations and industrial boilers. Their use in co-incineration and incineration plants is expected to increase. 5) The
47、 cost-benefit analysis presented in Annex E shows that, for the three model regions considered, energy recovery scenarios lead to a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide and methane) compared to the baseline scenario of landfilling. The reduction is proportionate to the d
48、iversion of combustible waste from landfill and the yield of recovered fuel (that substitutes fossil fuel). 6) Fuel recovery is suited to sparsely populated regions where relatively small, de-centralised fuel- production plants can deliver recovered fuel to existing power stations or plants for the
49、production of material products. However, this is subject to the granting of appropriate permits in accordance with the applicable legislation. 7) For larger cities or regions, the production of recovered fuel on the one hand and direct incineration with energy recovery on the other hand may be an appropriate solution. 8) A survey of solid recovered fuel producers in 2001 has concluded that: there is a large variation in the standards applied for the sampling, digestion and analysis of solid
