1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15126:2005Characterization of sludges Good practice for landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residuesICS 13.030.20g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g3
2、9g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 15126:2005This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 12 December 2005 BSI 12 December 2005ISBN 0 580 46761 9National forewordThis Published Document is the official English lan
3、guage version of CEN/TR 15126:2005.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/5, Sludge characteristics, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.The responsible UK committe
4、e, EH/5, gives the following advice concerning the contents of CEN/TR 15126:2005.When European Member State Ministers agreed the EU Landfill Directive they specifically excluded sewage sludge from its reach because they maintained that landfill was needed as a strategic option when no other was avai
5、lable. Member States implementations of the Directive have not necessarily taken this into account.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Sta
6、ndards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Published Docum
7、ent does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European de
8、velopments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 27 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publica
9、tionAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15126 July 2005 ICS 13.030.20 English Version Characterization of sludges - Good practice for landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues Caractrisation des boues - Bonne pratique pour la mise en dcharge
10、 des boues et des rsidus de traitement des boues Charakterisierung von Schlmmen - Gute fachliche Praxis bei der Deponierung von Schlamm und Rckstnden aus der Schlammbehandlung This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 24 April 2005. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308. CEN
11、members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
12、 United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 1
13、5126:2005: E2 Contents Page Foreword .3 Introduction.4 1 Scope5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations5 4 Outline of landfill processes6 4.1 General6 4.2 Inputs8 4.2.1 Water.8 4.2.2 Solids8 4.2.3 Gases 8 4.3 Processes .8 4.3.1 Microbiological activity8 4.3.2 Solution/precipi
14、tation.9 4.3.3 Volatilization.9 4.3.4 Sorption reactions9 4.3.5 Filtration9 4.4 Outputs.9 5 Current position and European perspective.12 6 Legislative position12 7 Economics13 8 Treatment requirements.13 9 Operational aspects .15 9.1 General15 9.2 Co-disposal of sludges and baled municipal waste .15
15、 9.3 Co-disposal of sludges and loose municipal waste .16 9.4 Monofills for sludge disposal 18 9.5 Sludge in cover materials 18 9.5.1 Temporary cover 18 9.5.2 Final cover 19 10 Environmental aspects 19 10.1 General19 10.2 Leachate .19 10.3 Methane generation20 10.4 Void space and settlement.20 10.5
16、Other environmental factors20 10.5.1 Odour20 10.5.2 Contamination of mobile plant.20 10.5.3 Fire and dust.20 Annex A Current landfill legislation in EU Member States.22 Annex B Composition of leachates25 Bibliography27 CEN/TR 15126:20053 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15126:2005) has been prepared b
17、y Technical Committee CEN/TC 308 “Characterization of sludges”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This document is voluntarily presented in the form of a CEN Technical Report because most of its content is not completely in line with practice and regulations in each Member State. This docum
18、ent gives recommendations for good practice concerning the landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues, but existing national regulations remain in force. CEN/TR 15126:20054 Introduction All the recommendations in this document constitute a framework within which the landfilling process can
19、 be proposed as a substitute for field spreading, or in addition to specific or combined incinerations, or any other process. This document should be read in the context of the requirements of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste which applies to the landfill of sludge and any other relevan
20、t regulations, standards and codes of practice which may prevail locally within Member States. CEN/TR 15126:20055 1 Scope This CEN Technical Report gives one of a series of sludge management options and describes good practice for the disposal of sludges and sludge treatment residues to landfill whe
21、re national regulations permit. This document is applicable to the sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308, i.e. specifically derived from: storm water handling; night soil; urban wastewater collecting systems; urban wastewater treatment plants; treating industrial wastewater similar to urban w
22、astewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EEC); water supply treatment plants; water distribution systems; but excluding hazardous sludges from industry. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the e
23、dition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1085:1997, Waste water treatment Vocabulary EN 12832:1999, Characterisation of sludges Utilization and disposal of sludges Vocabulary EN 13965-1:2004, Characterization o
24、f waste Terminology Part 1: Materials related terms and definitions EN 13965-2:2004, Characterization of waste Terminology Part 2: Management related terms and definitions CR 13714, Characterisation of sludges Sludge management in relation to use or disposal 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations Fo
25、r the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12832:1999, EN 1085:1997, EN 13965-1:2004, EN 13965-2:2004 and also in the following Directives apply: Directive 91/271/EC concerning urban wastewater treatment Directive 75/442/EC the waste framework directive as amended by Dire
26、ctive 91/156/EC Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste. Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable energy. CEN/TR 15126:200556 For the understanding of this document, these abbreviated terms apply: BIO: Biomass BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand CSO: Chemically Stabilized Organi
27、c DPM: Decomposable Plant Material MSW: Municipal Solid Waste PSO: Physically Stabilized Organic RPM: Resistant Plant Material TOC: Total Organic Carbon VFA: Volatile Fatty Acids WWTP: 4 Outline of landfill processes 4.1 General The landfill processes which are of importance for understanding the po
28、tential for controlling waste stabilization are the physical, chemical and microbial activities which lead to the modification of waste, from often complex substances with significant pollution potential to simpler compounds which can be environmentally benign. In the case of a landfill containing d
29、egradable waste, the principal processes of interest are those which lead to the breakdown of complex organic compounds found in the putrescible fraction of non-inert waste, and the influence of the by-products of degradation on the mobility and availability of other compounds and elements. At a sim
30、ple conceptual level, a landfill can be viewed as a reactor vessel in which solid, water and gaseous inputs are subject to a variety of processes which produce solid, liquid and gaseous waste products. The reactor model for landfill processes is shown schematically in Figure 1, with the inputs, proc
31、esses and outputs summarized briefly below. CEN/TR 15126:2005Figure 1 - Schematic representation of landfill processes CEN/TR 15126:200578 4.2 Inputs 4.2.1 Water The principal water input at modern, managed, cellular landfill sites is rainfall which can gain direct access to waste during the filling
32、 phase for each cell and indirectly by percolation through capping and restoration layers after each cell is finished. Solid waste contains absorbed water and mixed household waste typically carries about 25 % water on a wet mass basis. Sludges contain about 10 % to 95 % water according to the exten
33、t of dewatering and drying treatment they have received (for information concerning national regulations about the water content, see Annex A). 4.2.2 Solids Sludge, household waste and to a lesser extent commercial and industrial waste, contain putrescible materials which degrade within the landfill
34、 environment, giving rise to potentially polluting liquid and gaseous products. The process of degradation can create conditions in which other, non-organic compounds can pass into solution or enter a gaseous phase. About 20 % of household waste is rapidly biodegradable (putrescible) and a further 3
35、0 % more slowly degradable (cellulosic materials such as paper). In the case of sludge, about 30 % is rapidly biodegradable, 40 % progressively more slowly degradable and the remaining 30 % is non-degradable, inorganic ash. Articles 5.1 and 5.2 of the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) require that the
36、 biodegradable municipal waste deposited in landfill should be reduced progressively so that by 2016 the amount (by mass) of biodegradable municipal waste should not be more than 35 % of the mass produced in 1995. These targets will be achieved in part by composting and separation and recycling of w
37、aste. Sludge for landfill disposal should be stabilized (for instance, by aerobic or anaerobic digestion or by composting or lime stabilization or by acid treatment) to remove the rapidly biodegradable fraction and dewatered because liquid waste is unacceptable according to Article 5.3 of the Landfi
38、ll Directive. However, under Article 2 (q), liquid waste is defined as any waste in liquid form including wastewaters, but excluding sludge. 4.2.3 Gases The pore spaces of inert or slowly reactive solid waste arriving at a landfill normally contain a gaseous mixture close to that of the atmosphere,
39、that is 79 % nitrogen and slightly less than 21 % oxygen, with the balance composed principally of carbon dioxide and trace amounts of other gases. The pore gases of putrescible waste can reflect rapid decomposition, in terms of reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide levels before deposition in
40、 the fill. The pore gases in and around sewage sludge will contain some methane and hydrogen sulfide (and other odorous compounds) as well as carbon dioxide. Sludge addition to an MSW landfill can accelerate gas production and stabilization of the landfill by a bioreactor effect (see 1). 4.3 Process
41、es 4.3.1 Microbiological activity The breakdown of natural organic substances and certain man-made compounds is achieved largely through the activity of various microorganisms which consume the materials as food sources and, in so doing, release soluble and gaseous waste products and energy in the f
42、orm of heat. The organisms can be aerobic, i.e. they require the presence of free oxygen (O2gas) for their metabolic processes or they can be anaerobic, when they gain their energy from the dissociation of compounds in the absence of free oxygen. Some organisms are strict aerobes or anaerobes and ca
43、n operate only in one mode, but some microorganisms are able to switch from one form of respiration to the other. The breakdown processes can release directly into solution elements and compounds which form part of the original material, whilst waste products of this metabolism can encourage the dis
44、solution of other materials, for example, by producing acidic conditions. The incorporation of anaerobically digested sludge into a landfill represents an inoculum of bacteria which may accelerate anaerobic biodegradation within the landfill. This will be advantageous if the landfill is being run as
45、 a flushing bioreactor and by increasing the rate of stabilization within the landfill, the sludge can shorten the time to safe closure and completion of the landfill. Some authorities consider that if this concept becomes reality, the use of sludge will play an integral part in its design and opera
46、tion (see 2) CEN/TR 15126:20054.3.2 Solution/precipitation The direction of chemical reactions between the waste components and the liquids moving through the waste (leachate) is controlled by factors such as the relationship between the solubility of elements and compounds and the pH value and of t
47、heir responses to Eh changes, that is the presence or absence of free oxygen (oxygenated systems have a positive Eh values, reducing systems a negative Eh). As an example, the solubility of many metals is increased as acidity rises (pH values fall to below 7,0), whilst iron is relatively soluble whe
48、n reducing conditions are present (negative Eh value), but far less soluble in oxygenated environments (positive Eh). The physico-chemical conditions within landfilled waste change during the breakdown and stabilization process (described below) and elements and compounds which are dissolved at one
49、stage in the lifecycle of a landfill can become immobilized by precipitation at another stage, and vice versa. 4.3.3 Volatilization The conversion of liquids (or occasionally solids) to the gaseous state is encouraged by increased temperatures. Microbiological activity can raise the temperature within a waste mass from the average ground temperature of about 10 C to values in the range 30 C to 40 C or more if the waste layer is very thick. Consequently, the gaseous mixture within the waste mass can contain not only the gases
