1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15508:2006Key properties on solid recovered fuels to be used for establishing a classification systemICS 75.160.10g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g
2、60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 15508:2006This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 March 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50396 2National forewordThis Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementa
3、tion of CEN/TR 15508:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on PTI/17 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contr
4、act. Users are responsible for its correct application.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15508October 2006ICS 75.160.10English VersionKey properties on solid recovered fuels to be used forestablishing a classification
5、systemProprits cls des combustibles solides de rcupration utiliser pour tablir un systme de classificationHaupteigenschaften von festen Sekundrbrennstoffen alsGrundlage zur Erstellung eines KlassifizierungssystemsThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 7 August 2006. It has been drawn up by the
6、 Technical Committee CEN/TC 343.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovaki
7、a, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for C
8、EN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15508:2006: E2 Contents Page Foreword4 Introduction .6 1 Scope 8 2 Overview of practical data 8 2.1 Specification of users .8 2.2 Orientation values of mercury and cadmium .10 3 Overview of secondary fuel and SRF qualities.10 4 Summary of existing quality systems
9、for SRF (for the chosen properties only)12 5 Classes .13 5.1 Resolutions of CEN/TC 343/WG 2 Specifications and classes .13 5.2 Discussion14 5.3 Environmental parameter .21 5.4 Classification methods .22 5.5 Recommendations.22 Annex A (informative) Main technologies and distribution of heavy metals 2
10、3 Annex B (informative) Transfer factors.28 B.1 Use of transfer factors 28 B.2 Use of material flow analysis (example North Rhine Westphalia)28 B.3 Possibilities and borderlines of such tools 29 Annex C (informative) Units chosen30 C.1 NCV .30 C.2 Cl30 C.3 Hg and Cd .30 C.4 SRF as fuel: mg/MJ30 C.5
11、SRF partly as raw material: mg/MJ and mg/kg.31 Annex D (informative) Maximum possible concentrations of heavy metals in SRF 33 D.1 Introduction33 D.2 Cement industry.33 D.3 Coal fired power plants .34 D.4 FBC34 Annex E (informative) Analysis and evaluation of data of Hg and Cd in solid recovered fue
12、ls36 E.1 General analysis and evaluation of measured values of Hg and Cd in solid recovered fuels.36 E.2 Specific analysis and evaluation of delivered data of solid recovered fuels 41 Annex F (informative) Overview of secondary fuel and SRF qualities 56 F.1 Sources of SRF 56 F.2 Overview of SRF qual
13、ities.56 Annex G (informative) Heavy metals in SRF.60 G.1 Introduction60 G.2 Overview of heavy metals concentration60 G.3 Hg content of SRF62 G.4 Effects on heavy metal emission .63 G.5 Accumulation of heavy metals in products 64 G.6 Limit values for Hg and Cd .65 Annex H (informative) Boundaries of
14、 classes 67 H.1 Basic assumptions 67 H.2 Boundaries decided by WG 2 (February 2004) .68 H.3 Discussion68 CEN/TR 15508:20063 Annex I (informative) Thallium in SRFs 72 Bibliography73 CEN/TR 15508:20064 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15508:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Soli
15、d recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This document has been drafted on request of CEN/TC 343 Working Group 2 “Fuel Specifications and Classes”. The WG wanted to establish a classification system using practical data on Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) composition and use. Therefore
16、 some delegates involved in the production and use of SRF offered to draft this document. The WG decided on a classification system based on a limited number of properties. Originally the WG asked for a document covering 7 key properties of SRF: NCV, moisture, ash, Cl, Hg, Cd + Tl and sum of heavy m
17、etals. The first draft of the document was discussed at the WG meeting in Lyon on 15 and 16 September 2003. The properties of SRF and the experience with the different technologies were accounted for in the proposed classification system. The emission limit values of the Waste Incineration Directive
18、 played a decisive role in establishing the maximum possible content of heavy metals in SRF used as substitute fuel in different technologies. The WG decided at the meeting in Lyon to reduce the number of key properties from 7 to 3: NCV, Cl and Hg content. Topics were added covering the questions th
19、at had been raised at the Lyon meeting: justification of units chosen (Annex C); justification of the use of 50th/80th percentile values (Annex E); evaluation of data and influence on boundaries of classes (Annex E); justification of the boundaries of classes (Annex H). The main adjustments were mad
20、e in Clause 5. Annex E and Tables 18 and 20 of Clause 5 have been written with support of Ms Sabine Flamme of INFA. Concerning the questions raised at the Brussels meeting on 9 and 10 February 2004 and the meeting in Obourg on 24 September 2004, the following modifications have been made: the classi
21、fication of Cd and Tl has been evaluated using practical data. A classification system for Cd has been added if it comes to a need for that; additional evaluation of proposed classes of Cl and NCV with practical data has been included. In making acknowledgements, we would like to express appreciatio
22、n to the members of CEN/TC 343/WG 2, the members of ERFO and particularly to those companies for making available data and information from their experience with the production and use of Solid Recovered Fuel. Authors: Joop van Tubergen, Essent Milieu, Dr Thomas Glorius, Remondis (RWE Umwelt), Eric
23、Waeyenbergh, Scoribel CEN/TR 15508:20065 February 2005 Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained in this Technical Report, neither the authors nor ERFO nor any of its members makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility
24、for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights. CEN/TR 15508:20066 Introduction Energy intensive industries are looking for alternative fuels in order to save primary fuels
25、, and by doing so, enforce the development of sustainable development. The waste management sector industry has developed, for many years, ways to produce secondary fuels e.g. SRFs with reliable qualities, which are used successfully regarding economic and environmental aspects. However, this way of
26、 recovery is not optimized because of some practical uncertainties like: obtaining permits to use SRF as an energy source; transborder shipment regulation and problems in creating a European market for SRF; unclear classification of the SRF in the EC waste list; doubt about reliable qualities of som
27、e SRF; doubt about effect on the processes and installations. Therefore CEN has received the mandate to establish a set of standards for solid recovered fuel (SRF) prepared from non hazardous waste. CEN/TC 343 has decided to separate the task in five different working groups (WG 1 to 5). WG 2 has re
28、ceived the task to prepare a proposition of classification system, classes and specifications. The following Technical Report gives a technical approach based on the processes of final users that have been identified as being (potentially) interested and qualified for the use of SRF on the one hand,
29、 and the practical and actual experience of SRF produced in Europe on the other hand. SRF may only be used by installations complying with the emission limit values set by the Waste Incineration Directive (WID). This Technical Report is based on the characteristics that the SRF should present, in or
30、der to fulfil the criteria of the WID and the technical request of the installations. That does not alter the fact that other properties are also of interest considering the specific requirements for different users. The classification system, the classes and the specifications that are proposed in
31、this Technical Report should help the authorities in writing the permits, be a help for the final user to understand easily what has to be taken into account when dealing with SRF and should increase the positive perception of the public on the use of SRF by saving of natural resources. For example
32、about 50 % of the primary fuel consumption of cement kilns and a substantial share of hard coal and lignite for power production could be substituted by waste. The potential for European Solid Recovered Fuels in 2005 is estimated at more than 10 Mt/a 1, which corresponds to a CO2-reduction of more t
33、han 10 Million tpa. (In this figure only the biogenic fraction and C/H ratio were considered. The reduction due to less emission of methane from landfills would be a factor 3 of this). It is of importance to mention that the standardization concerns big SRF streams. It surely does not exclude the po
34、ssibility to use alternative fuels with other limits or specifications than those presented in this Technical Report. In that case, the waste fuel will not be standardized. Selection of properties for classes and specifications: a classification system is a system of classes with limit values and va
35、lid for all kind of users. Specifications concern specific information related to potential risks for different technologies and plants. Implementing such a system should facilitate trans-boundary shipments, permitting and control for the user of standardized recovered fuels (SRF). CEN/TR 15508:2006
36、7 CEN/TC 343/WG 2 has agreed that key properties mentioned below will be used to establish the classification and the specification system for SRF. These properties are significant for one or more of the following aspects: economics (NCV), technology (Cl) and emission (Hg + Cd). Cl has to be mention
37、ed because of the great importance in corrosion, slagging and fouling of boilers. It has been suggested to consider both Cd and Tl. However, the concentration of Tl in SRF is practically nil (see also Annex I), applying this element as part of an environmental parameter would be meaningless. Table 1
38、 Key combinations of properties and aspects Properties Key aspect NCV Economics Cl aTechnologyHg + Cd Emission aCl may influence emissions of HCl and some heavy metals as chlorides. However, the effect is estimated to be negligible. An influence on the formation of PCDD and PCDF is unlikely under th
39、e process conditions in a coal fired power plant and a cement kiln. CEN/TR 15508:20068 1 Scope This Technical Report gives background information on key properties to be used for establishing a classification system for solid recovered fuels (SRFs), and a proposal for the classification system and c
40、lasses for SRF. 2 Overview of practical data 2.1 Specification of users 2.1.1 General At present the main end-user is the cement industry. But also in lime kilns, SRF has successfully been used for many years. As the technology of cement kilns and lime kilns is very similar in this Technical Report,
41、 cement kiln also stands for lime kiln except for heavy metals. However, the market opportunities in the potential bigger market of the power generation sector are increasing. The fourth sector that may become a substantial outlet for SRF is cogeneration CHP (district heating) 1. Main technologies i
42、nvolved are cement kilns, pulverized coal fired power plants and FBC (fluidized bed combustion) plants. See also Annex A. 2.1.2 Cement industry The cement industry has a broad experience in the use of waste derived fuels. Hazardous and non hazardous wastes are processed and used as secondary fuel or
43、 a mixture of secondary fuel and raw material. Originally the substitution of primary fuels was practised by wet processes, which have higher specific energy consumption than the dominant dry process for the production of clinker. But the use of waste derived fuels, including SRF, is also increasing
44、 in the dry process. Cl may cause substantial problems in the dry process in blocking the pre-heater with condensed volatile chlorides. Using a so-called salt bypass increases the tolerance for Cl in the input. Table 2 shows the requirements for SRF. Figures are based on specifications from the end-
45、users from e.g. Belgium, Germany and France. Table 2 Specifications 2 Unit CK NCV MJ/kg ar 5/10 to 12/22 a(mean values) Cl b% ar 0,5 to 1,0 (mean) 1 to 3,0 (max.) CK = cement kiln or clinker kiln aThere is no maximum value for NCV. The combination of material and energy recovery together in clinker
46、kiln allows the use of poor calorific values, because the ash content in the SRF does not contribute to the energy input. bCl specification depends on the composition of the input. At high substitution rates, the limits are in the range of 3 % for a cement kiln with a by-pass (depending on the K, Na
47、 content) and for a kiln without this system 0,5 % to 1,0 %. For a cement kiln with a wet process, the maximum for Cl is 6 %. CEN/TR 15508:20069 2.1.3 Coal fired power plants The experience of the power generating plants with SRF is limited to a few plants in Germany and The Netherlands that are usi
48、ng SRF since 2000 but still on a small scale. RWE Umwelt and RWE Power are carrying out the demonstration project RECOFUEL within the 6th Framework programme of the EU to use quality assured SRFs in lignite fired boilers. Pulverized coal plants are dominant in the power generating sector. The techno
49、logies differ for brown coal and hard coal, as these coals have widely divergent heating values and material properties. Hard coal fired power plants using a dry bottom boiler (DBB) have less flexibility to the shape and dimensions of SRF than the wet bottom boiler (WBB) molten slag systems with cyclones. Table 3 shows the requirements for SRF. The data are based on specifications from end-users in The Netherlands and Germany. Table 3 Specifications 2 Unit Hard coal DBB Hard coal WBB Brown coal DBB NCV MJ/kg ar 13,5 (mean) 11 to 18 (ran
