1、PD CEN/TR15809:2008ICS 13.030.20NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLISHED DOCUMENTCharacterization ofsludges Hygienicaspects TreatmentsThis Published Documentwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 March2009 BSI 2009IS
2、BN 978 0 580 62040 9Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsPD CEN/TR 15809:2008National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR15809:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/5, Sludge characterization.A list of
3、 organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obliga
4、tions.PD CEN/TR 15809:2008TECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15809November 2008ICS 13.030.20English VersionCharacterization of sludges - Hygienic aspects - TreatmentsCaractrisation des boues - Aspects hyginiques -TraitementsCharakterisierung von Schlmmen - Hygienische Aspekte
5、 -SchlammbehandlungThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 25 August 2008. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
6、Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de
7、Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15809:2008: EPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and def
8、initions .5 4 Hygienic considerations .6 4.1 General6 4.2 From concept to good practice 6 4.3 Aspects of microbiology, virology and parasitology.7 4.4 Aspects of epidemiology 7 4.5 Definition of the hygienic objective of treatment .8 5 General methodologies and tools to define the hygienic effect of
9、 treatment, and to manage the hygienic safety9 5.1 General9 5.2 Health risk assessment.10 5.2.1 Hazard identification .10 5.2.2 Dose-response assessment .10 5.2.3 Exposure assessment.10 5.2.4 Risk characterisation 10 5.3 Quality Assurance and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for us
10、e in sludge .11 6 Treatments available: efficiency and drawbacks .14 6.1 General14 6.2 Biological treatment 16 6.2.1 Anaerobic digestion 16 6.2.2 Composting16 6.2.3 Thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD) or Aerobic thermophilic stabilisation (ATS)17 6.2.4 Long term storage .17 6.2.5 Reedbeds17 6.3 Che
11、mical treatment18 6.3.1 Treatment with lime .18 6.3.2 Other chemical methods.18 6.4 Physical treatment.19 6.4.1 Pasteurisation of sludge .19 6.4.2 Thermal drying.19 6.4.3 Thermal hydrolysis19 6.5 Combined treatment and other methods 19 Annex A (informative) Micro organisms which could be found in se
12、wage sludge 21 Bibliography 24 PD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 3Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15809:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 308 “Characterization of sludges”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. The status of this document as CEN/TR has been chosen bec
13、ause much of its content is not completely in line with the practice and regulations in each member state. This document gives general principles about hygienic aspects. Other guides on good practice for the use of sludge (Guides 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) contain the specific recommendations based on the hy
14、gienic aspects described in this guide. PD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 4 Introduction This Technical Report has been prepared within the framework of CEN/TC 308 on characterization of sludges. This document concentrates on hygienic aspects for good practice concerning treatment of sludge,
15、 but acknowledges that existing national regulations remain in force. The use of sewage sludge on land is controlled within the EU by the sludge directive (86/278/EEC 1) “on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture”. Regarding the pu
16、rpose of the directive, it states: whereas the aim of this Directive is to regulate the use of sewage sludge in agriculture in such a way as to prevent harmful effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man, while encouraging its correct use; Regarding hygiene, it requires: whereas sludge must be trea
17、ted before being used in agriculture; whereas Member States may nevertheless authorize, on certain conditions, the use of untreated sludge, without risk to human or animal health, if it is injected or worked into the soil; whereas a certain period must elapse between using the sludge and putting sto
18、ck out to pasture or harvesting fodder crops or certain crops which are normally in direct contact with the soil and normally consumed raw; whereas the use of sludge on fruit and vegetable crops during the growing season, except for fruit-tree crops, must be prohibited. 86/278/EEC defines treated sl
19、udge as: sludge which has undergone biological, chemical or heat treatment, long-term storage or any other appropriate process so as significantly to reduce its fermentability and the health hazards resulting from its use; EU Member States have enacted the directive into their national legislations
20、with conditions that are no less stringent than the directive. In many cases they have more detailed treatment requirements than those written in the directive. The European Commission has said repeatedly that 86/278/EEC, which was the first soil protection directive, has been a success because ther
21、e have been no cases of adverse effect where it has been followed. Sludge treatments and practices that control health risks can also affect odour; in the publics mind they are linked. When making choices in sludge management the hygienic aspects should be considered alongside the environmental impa
22、cts of the treatment such as energy use or emissions and the benefits of the final product. PD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 51 Scope This CEN Technical Report gives information about principles to be followed in different sludge treatment processes to reach specified hygienic requirements.
23、 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1085:2007, Wastewater
24、treatment Vocabulary EN 12832:1999, Characterisation of sludges Utilization and disposal of sludges Vocabulary CEN/TR 15473, Characterization of sludges Good practice for sludges drying EN ISO 22000, Food safety management systems Requirements for any organization in the food chain (ISO 22000:2005)
25、3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12832:1999, EN 1085:2007 and the following apply. 3.1 Critical Control Point (CCP) step in a process at which control can be applied and is essential to prevent or eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an a
26、cceptable level 3.2 HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) system that identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards which are significant for safety 3.3 HACCP plan document prepared in accordance with the principles of HACCP to ensure control of hazards which are significant for safety in
27、 the segment of the chain under consideration 3.4 hazard potential source of harm 3.5 hazard analysis process of collecting and evaluating information on hazards and conditions leading to their presence to decide which are significant for safety and therefore should be addressed in the HACCP plan 3.
28、6 hygienic safety intended degree of safety PD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 6 3.7 hygienisation process that leads to reduced levels of pathogens in order to prevent infections, and their spreading in the exposed human, animal or plant population 3.8 monitor act of conducting a planned seq
29、uence of observations or measurements of control parameters to assess whether a CCP is under control 3.9 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm 3.10 safety freedom from unacceptable risk 3.11 validation obtaining evidence that the elements of the HACC
30、P plan are effective 3.12 verification application of methods, procedures, tests and other evaluations, in addition to monitoring to determine compliance with the HACCP plan 4 Hygienic considerations 4.1 General Untreated sludge from wastewater treatment may contain different types and species of pa
31、thogens for humans, animals and plants. The occurrence of such pathogens depends on the type and origin of the raw materials and on the health situation with respect to the presence of diseases in the involved populations. This does not only apply to sewage sludge, but also to wastewater, biogas res
32、idues, animal manure and other organic fertilisers and compost of human, animal and plant origin. Environment per se is not sterile. Soil is more than a mineral support on which plants grow, it is an ecosystem with its own indigenous flora and fauna. Among this microflora are several potential patho
33、genic as well as toxigenic bacteria and fungi that can be found in varying concentrations such as Listeria monocytogenes or Clostridium tetani. There are also competitors and predators of the pathogens with which this guide is concerned. Hygienic considerations include aspects of microbiology, virol
34、ogy, parasitology and epidemiology. 4.2 From concept to good practice In the framework of HACCP concept, the intended field of application of sludge has to be defined, followed by the determination of the existence and the types of pathogens in sludges, as well as the identification of the possible
35、ways of transmission to humans, animals or plants. If the interpretation of this analysis (based on the level of risk for health in regard of the uses of sludges) demonstrates the need for treatment, the process should be capable of reducing the hazard to an acceptable level of risk by inactivating
36、the selected pathogens to a defined extent. The treatment process should be validated by a representative indicator organism covering the types of pathogen identified. PD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 74.3 Aspects of microbiology, virology and parasitology Besides the indigenous microbiolog
37、ical flora and populations of viruses including protozooic and metazooic organisms, untreated sewage sludge may contain a variety of pathogens for humans, animals and plants as well as other undesired organisms which may present an environmental hazard. The species and numbers of indigenous flora as
38、 well as the pathogens and undesired elements depend on the origin and treatment of the wastewater. Basic data concerning the occurrence of bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens as well as parasites have been given in the past by several authors 2, 3, 4. From this variety of bacterial pathogens Salm
39、onella spp. are the most relevant since they can infect or contaminate nearly all living vectors from insects to mammals. Amongst the viral pathogens, noroviruses, enteroviruses and rotaviruses are the most relevant ones from the point of view of environmental risks. Special regard must be paid to t
40、he parasitic pathogens, not only to eggs of round- and tapeworms but to Giardia lamblia and especially Cryptosporidium parvum. Nearly all gut related pathogens of farm animals could be found in slaughterhouse effluents. Wastewater from households or industry containing plant material may contain pla
41、nt-pathogenic viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites and undesired weeds. This may cause an additional phytohygienic risk if untreated material is used in agriculture as a fertiliser 5. However, in most cases, the concentration of the relevant pathogens in the sludge is moderate or small. Consequently,
42、 risk related treatment, storage and utilisation basically determines the hygienic safety of the final product. The health of the population (humans, animals, plants) has to be taken into account both in the risk assessment and in establishing a HACCP-concept. 4.4 Aspects of epidemiology The epidemi
43、ological aspects of sewage sludge mean that hygienic safety must be considered during all steps of treatment, transport, storage and utilisation. The right balance between the advantages of organic fertilisers based on sewage sludge and the requirements to achieve the degree of hygienic safety neces
44、sary for the intended application has to be made. Different European experiences with strategies for proper use of sludge show that epidemiological risks can be minimized. Three aspects of hygiene have to be considered related to different epidemiological pathways: one aspect concerns the occupation
45、al health aspects in transport, storage, treatment and utilisation. NOTE 1 The occupational health aspects are covered by Directive 2000/54/EC 6 and related national legislation, and are not covered in this context. the second aspect concerns two vectors: transmission of pathogens directly to suscep
46、tible hosts or indirectly via living and non living vectors (e.g. food, animal feed, or contaminated equipment). NOTE 2 The direct or indirect transmission of zoonotic agents to farm animals is generally regarded as the most relevant risk factor of agricultural utilisation of untreated or insufficie
47、ntly treated sludge. This direct relationship between fertilizing with sewage sludge and infection in cattle fed with forage after sludge spreading was first demonstrated for Salmonella 7. The transmission of parasites was observed much earlier. Transmission to humans via products based on sludge or
48、 containing insufficiently treated sludge by applying them to plants in househods or in home-gardens is a relatively rare event. The risk of infection of persons exposed to salmonellae after sludge application to farmland is minimal and no different from that of the nonexposed population 8. Indirect
49、 transmission to humans is of special importance, because the introduction of pathogens into the food chain via contaminated fertiliser leading to contaminated animal feed resulting in infection of farm animals or excretion of pathogens is of basic epidemiological significance. This is mainly due to contamination of meat and meat products during slaughtering and processing as well as contamination of plants and plant products by manure of animals excreting the above mentioned organisms. The risk of transmission of pathogens to human food b
