1、PD CEN/TR15932:2010ICS 01.040.83; 83.080.01NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPlastics Recommendationfor terminology andcharacterisation ofbiopolymers andbioplasticsThis Published Documentwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and
2、 StrategyCommittee on 30 April2010 BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 66990 3Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsPD CEN/TR 15932:2010National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR15932:2010.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalComm
3、ittee PRI/10, Terminology for rubbers and plastics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance wit
4、h a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.PD CEN/TR 15932:2010TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15932 March 2010 ICS 01.040; 83.080.01 English Version Plastics - Recommendation for terminology and characterisation of biopolymers and bioplastics Pla
5、stiques - Recommandations pour la terminologie et la caractrisation des biopolymres et bioplastiques This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 17 August 2009. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 249. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, C
6、roatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDA
7、RDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15932:2010: EPD CEN/TR 15932:2010CEN/TR 15932:201
8、0 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Commonly used terms 52.1 “Bio”polymers: polymers based on renewable raw materials .52.1.1 General 52.1.2 Natural polymers from biomass .62.1.3 Synthetic polymers derived from biomass .62.2 “Bio”polymers: polymers exhibiting a “bio” - function
9、ality .62.2.1 Polymers for biomedical applications .62.2.2 Biodegradable polymers .62.3 Consequences .72.4 Public perception .73 Standardisation needs 83.1 Recommendation for terminology .83.1.1 General 83.1.2 Definitions of terms .83.1.2.1 Organic material .83.1.2.2 Polymer .83.1.2.3 Plastic 83.1.2
10、.4 Renewable resource 83.1.2.5 Biomass 83.1.2.6 Biobased .83.1.2.7 Biobased carbon content 93.1.2.8 Biomass content 93.1.2.9 Biocompatible .93.1.2.10 Biodegradable 93.1.2.11 Biobased polymer 93.1.2.12 Biocomposite 93.2 Standard test methods 93.3 Standard designation of the term biopolymer . 10Biblio
11、graphy . 12PD CEN/TR 15932:2010CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15932:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 249 “Plastics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subje
12、ct of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document is a working document. PD CEN/TR 15932:2010CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 4 Introduction The main reason of the recent interest in bioplastics is due to the origin (i.e. use of b
13、iobased raw materials) or to the biodegradability of the final products, needed for instance for organic recovery. The use of biobased raw materials could be beneficial with reference to two current problems: fossil resources depletion and climate change. Today, regarding the latter issue, we have t
14、o manage the carbon in order to avoid its accumulation in atmosphere. Efficient use of all available resources and responsible utilization of renewable carbon is a way to participate to this reduction. Plastics are important materials which contribute significantly to environmental protection: thank
15、s to their tailor-made properties (e.g. light weight, excellent insulation ability, tunable properties for optimum food protection, etc.) they reduce energy use by 26 % and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 56 % across variety of applications compared to alternatives1). The global manufacture of pl
16、astics in all applications only uses a small part of the entire consumed mineral oil: in Europe, it makes up only about 4 %2). The major fraction ( 80 %) of the residual fossil material is used for energy production, predominantly for transportation and heating purposes. Besides crude oil, natural g
17、as and coal, biomass is an additional raw material source for plastics. The currently available biomass is consumed in different segments: food and feed production, power and heat generation, biofuel production and industrial applications (e.g. production of paper, fine chemicals). Due to the limite
18、d capacity of ecosystems, the utilization efficiency of renewable resources and availability issues have to be addressed across the whole bio-economy landscape. The eco-efficiency in this competitive use (e.g. energetic use vs. manufacture of goods) should always be in focus. According to various sc
19、ientists3), it would appear appropriate to use agricultural raw materials predominantly in a cascade of uses, instead of burning them directly in furnaces or engines. That would mean, for example, first producing a bioplastic from biomass: around 2 t to 10 t of bioplastic can be produced per hectare
20、 of agriculture land. The bioplastic thereby stores CO2in the form of vegetable carbon and removes it from atmosphere. It would be desirable to trap this CO2in the plastic for as long as possible. Finally, after maximum utilization including recycling when achievable and appropriate, the polymer can
21、 then be used either as energy source or as soil improver to return the bound carbon to the natural cycle in the form of CO2. In order to ensure responsible and environmentally conscious use of natural (fossil and renewable) resources, a clear and unambiguous terminology is of particular importance.
22、 1) GUA Gesellschaft fr umfassende Analysen, “The Contribution of Plastic Products to Resource Efficiency,” Vienna, 2005. 2) PlasticsEurope, WG Market Research 109-115). PD CEN/TR 15932:2010CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Teport gives recommendations for bioplastics and biopolymers re
23、lated terminology. These recommendations are based on a discussion of commonly used terms in this field. This Technical Report also briefly describes the current test methods state of the art in relation to the characterization of bioplastics and products made thereof. 2 Commonly used terms 2.1 “Bio
24、”polymers: polymers based on renewable raw materials 2.1.1 General In this context, the “bio-“prefix is used as an abbreviation of “derived from biomass” or “obtained from renewable raw materials“. The term biopolymer then identifies polymers which derive from organic matter constituting living orga
25、nisms and their residues4). Biomass is considered as a renewable resource. A renewable resource is replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its exploitation rate. The carbon content of such polymers is derived from the so-called short carbon cycle (expected time frame: 1 year to 10 y
26、ears; see Figure 1). Most industrial polymers and plastics are presently produced starting from fossil resources which are non-renewable as they cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to the exploitation rate (long carbon cycle, expected time frame to convert biomass to petroleum, gas and coal:
27、106years). Figure 1 Global Carbon Cycling5)4) EC DECISION (2007/589/EC) of 18 July 2007: biomass means non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms. 5) Narayan, Ramani, Biobased and Biodegradable Materials, Rationale, Drivers it does not depe
28、nd on the origin of the raw materials. So, there are different fossil-based materials in the market which are biodegradable according to the above mentioned standards; and on the other hand, there are also existing polymers which are made from biomass and are highly resistant to biodegradation. One
29、historically relevant example is polycaprolactone (PLC) which is industrially prepared starting from cyclohexanone, a typical petrochemical. The biodegradability of PCL in several environments has been well known, since the seventies. 2.3 Consequences As a consequence of the current ambiguity, a sam
30、e word is used to designate polymers or plastics, products with very different properties, where all the possible combinations are present (Table 1). Table 1 Use of term “biopolymer“ Origin of material Environmental performance Example Renewable Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Non-renewable
31、 Biodegradable Polycaprolactone (PCL) Renewable Non-biodegradable Polyethylene (PE) from sugar cane Non-renewable Non-biodegradable Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for biomedical applications 2.4 Public perception The “bio-“ prefix is often considered as a synonym of good for the environment, or in anot
32、her situation, good for health. The prefix “bio“, when associated with plastics, can be perceived by the consumers as an indication of biodegradability. In other words, a “biopolymer” is expected to biodegrade (to disappear in nature). On the other hand, the term biopolymer also strongly conveys the
33、 idea of natural origin, as “bio” is taken as an indication of the biological world. An analogy is the term “biofuel” universally taken as implying a fuel derived from renewable resources. However, as we have seen before, all the different classes (Table 1) are actually present in the marketplace or
34、 will soon be present. This is a cause of concern as it can be the source of misleading information and confusion for the final consumers. Especially for the end-of-life management of bioplastics, it is important to differentiate between biodegradable and long-lasting bioplastics. For this reason an
35、 indication of biodegradability via an appropriate marking is a good contribution towards more clarity. Claims of compostability (i.e. biodegradability in industrial composting facilities) of packaging are regulated by the requirements of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste 94/62
36、/EC and of the harmonised standard EN 13432. Current waste management is more and more based on the collection of waste separated at source. The decision whether a packaging is to be put in the “bio-bin” is made on the basis of the existing legislation and/or on the basis of available information su
37、ch as the recovery option(s) stated on the package. The dissemination of confusing, ambiguous or misleading information should be prevented in order not to jeopardize the success of such waste collection and treatment schemes as well as the credibility of industry itself. Claims of biodegradability
38、should be supported by appropriate standards. PD CEN/TR 15932:2010CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 8 3 Standardisation needs 3.1 Recommendation for terminology 3.1.1 General The term “bioplastics“ may cover several materials: 1. Biobased plastics, when referring to raw material sourcing; 2. Biodegradable plast
39、ics, when referring to functionality; 3. Biocompatible plastics, when referring to compatibility with human or animal body. NOTE In this Technical Report, the term “bioplastics“ refers to both bioplastics and biopolymers. To avoid ambiguity, the use of the terminology given in 3.1.2 is recommended.
40、NOTE Complementary vocabulary in the field of degradable and biodegradable polymers can be found in CEN/TR 15351. 3.1.2 Definitions of terms 3.1.2.1 Organic material Material containing carbon-based compound in which the element carbon is attached to other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, or other el
41、ements in a chain, ring, or three-dimensional structure. 3.1.2.2 Polymer Substance composed of molecules characterized by the multiple repetition of one or more species of atoms or groups of atoms (constitutional units) linked to each other in amounts sufficient to provide a set of properties that d
42、o not vary markedly with the addition or removal of one or a few of the constitutional units (EN ISO 472). 3.1.2.3 Plastic Material which contains as an essential ingredient a high polymer and which at some stage in its processing into finished products can be shaped by flow (EN ISO 472). NOTE 1 Ela
43、stomeric materials, which also are shaped by flow, are not considered as plastics. NOTE 2 In some countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, it is a permitted option to use the term “plastics” as the singular form as well as the plural form. 3.1.2.4 Renewable resource Resource replenished by nat
44、ural processes at a rate comparable to its exploitation rate. 3.1.2.5 Biomass Material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or fossilized. 3.1.2.6 Biobased Derived from biomass. PD CEN/TR 15932:2010CEN/TR 15932:2010 (E) 9 NOTE Biomass based, biosourced, biogenic a
45、nd from renewable resource are equivalent terms to biobased. 3.1.2.7 Biobased carbon content Amount of carbon in a sample that is of recent origin, as evidenced by its 14C isotope content. NOTE The amount of biobased carbon in the material or product is often expressed as a percent of the weight (ma
46、ss) of the total organic carbon of the product. 3.1.2.8 Biomass content Mass fraction of biobased material in a sample. NOTE Claim of biomass content is difficult to verify due to lack of standards. 3.1.2.9 Biocompatible Compatible with human or animal tissues and suitable for medical therapy. 3.1.2
47、.10 Biodegradable Status of a polymeric item that can be biodegraded (from CEN/TR 15351). 3.1.2.11 Biobased polymer Polymer in which constitutional units are totally or in part from biomass origin. 3.1.2.12 Biocomposite Composite material where at least one of the constituents is derived from biomas
48、s origin. 3.2 Standard test methods It is evident that some effort needs to be made to bring more clarity in the sector of biopolymers and bioplastics. The terms bioplastic and biopolymer should be better defined and the usage connected with defined wording, on the basis of some agreed standard, par
49、ticularly when referring to the carbon cycle, carbon sources and climate change. Claims of biodegradability of packaging and plastic waste in composting applications are currently specified by EN 13432 and EN 14995, respectively. A few standards cover biodegradability in specific cases: NF U 52-001 (agricultural mulching), UNI 11183 (home composting), EN 14987 (waste water treatment plants). NOTE Claims of biodegradability in other environments (e.g.
