1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationWorkplace exposure Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol monitoringPart 3: Evaluation of airborne particle concentrations using photometersPD CEN/TR 16013-3
2、:2012National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16013-3:2012. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical CommitteeEH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/2, Work place atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be ob
3、tained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 77050 0 ICS 13.040.30Compliance
4、with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 16013-3:2012TECHNICAL RE
5、PORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16013-3 October 2012 ICS 13.040.30 English Version Workplace exposure - Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol monitoring - Part 3: Evaluation of airborne particle concentrations using photometers Exposition au poste de travail -
6、 Guide dutilisation des instruments lecture directe pour la surveillance des arosols - Partie 3 : valuation des concentrations de particules en suspension dans lair laide de photomtresExposition am Arbeitsplatz - Leitfaden fr die Anwendung direkt anzeigender Gerte zur berwachung von Aerosolen - Teil
7、 3: Bewertung der Konzentration luftgetragener Partikel mit Photometern This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 10 June 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 137. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
8、 Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMM
9、ITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16013-3:2012: EPD CEN/TR 16013-3:
10、2012CEN/TR 16013-3:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3Introduction 41 Scope 52 Operating Principle . 52.1 General . 52.2 Light scattering . 52.3 Instrument response Effects of airborne particle properties 63 Instrument types . 83.1 General . 83.2 Passive aerosol monitors . 93.3 Active aerosol moni
11、tors . 93.4 Size-selective aerosol monitors 94 Calibration 104.1 General . 104.2 Factory calibration 104.3 Optical reference element 114.4 Gravimetric reference . 115 Choice of aerosol monitor 125.1 General . 125.2 Active or passive aerosol monitors 125.3 Mass concentration range 125.4 Hazardous wor
12、k environments 135.5 Size selection. 136 Procedure for making aerosol measurements using photometers . 136.1 Instrument operating procedure 136.2 Sampling strategies 147 Limitations of use and sources of error . 158 Cleaning and maintenance . 15Annex A (informative) Influence of physical parameters
13、of aerosol particles and their polydispersity on photometer measurement . 17A.1 General . 17A.2 Bias maps 17Annex B (informative) Currently available photometers 21Bibliography . 24PD CEN/TR 16013-3:2012CEN/TR 16013-3:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16013-3:2012) has been prepared by Techn
14、ical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsi
15、ble for identifying any or all such patent rights. CEN/TR 16013 consists of the following parts, under the general title Workplace exposure Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol monitoring: Part 1: Choice of monitor for specific applications; Part 2: Evaluation of airborne part
16、icle concentrations using Optical Particle Counters; Part 3: Evaluation of airborne particle concentrations using photometers. PD CEN/TR 16013-3:2012CEN/TR 16013-3:2012 (E) 4 Introduction All photometer-based direct-reading aerosol monitors use the principle of light scattering to determine airborne
17、 particle concentration. Here, a light source (usually produced by a laser or diode) is collimated and illuminates airborne particles entering a sensing volume. The instrument optics are usually designed such that the intensity of the light scattered at a particular angle is proportional principally
18、 to the respirable fraction of the airborne particle concentration. Other physical properties of the aerosol such as particle size, refractive index and particle shape, will affect their response by varying degrees (see 7) although this can be minimised by careful design of the photometer. Therefore
19、, photometer-based direct-reading aerosol monitors are not ideal for the measurement of worker exposure or to check whether threshold limit values of industrial dust concentrations are exceeded. Their main advantage is that they give an almost instantaneous measure of airborne particle concentration
20、, thereby reducing considerably the time and effort associated with standard gravimetric methods. They are also better at measuring aerosols with high vapour pressures that would normally evaporate during standard gravimetric analysis. Some instruments include a pre-classifier on the inlet (cyclone
21、or impactor) to make the overall response closer to the respirable dust definition. Photometers are therefore best suited to assess variations of airborne particle concentration in time or space and to check for any sudden change of concentration. Typical applications are: walk-through surveys; back
22、ground sampling to assess concentration variations and mean concentration during a working shift period; assessment of the effectiveness of dust control systems; measurement of indoor air quality; as part of exposure video visualization systems. For measurement of personal exposure they should be co
23、nsidered as complementary to conventional filter-based gravimetric methods (see 2), although with careful calibration, they can also give an accurate measure of respirable dust exposure, i.e. that which enters the mouth and nose and passes to the lower regions of the respiratory system (see EN 481).
24、 PD CEN/TR 16013-3:2012CEN/TR 16013-3:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report describes the use of photometers for the determination of airborne particles belonging to the respirable fraction and gives details on their limitations and possible uses in the field of occupational hygiene. NOTE Photome
25、ters can also be used to detect other size fractions of airborne particles after aerodynamic pre-separation, but these are not the focus of this Technical Report. The method complements existing conventional long-term aerosol particle sampling and can be used for: instantaneous (direct-reading) meas
26、urement, time-related monitoring, investigation of space-related aerosol evolution (mapping), and exposure visualization. The method enables e.g.: detection and relative quantification of concentration peaks due to specific operations (bagging, sanding, etc.); identification of most exposed workers
27、with a view to more detailed studies of risks and prevention measures to be applied; and detection of dust emission sources and their relative magnitudes. 2 Operating Principle 2.1 General A laser or light emitting diode is used to produce a high intensity source of light, which is usually in the vi
28、sible near-infrared spectrum. This is collimated and illuminates airborne particles entering the sensing volume of the instrument. The optical sensing volume is created by intersection of illuminating and detecting light beams as shown in Figure 1. The intensity of the light scattered at a particula
29、r angle is proportional to the airborne particle concentration and is detected using sensitive photomultipliers or photodiodes with response spectra covering approximately the source emission spectra. 2.2 Light scattering Interaction of a light beam with an airborne particle in suspension can cause
30、several effects: absorption of part of the light, reflection, refraction or diffraction of the beam. These combined effects result in scattering of the incident light in every direction. The illumination and collection optics are arranged inside a photometer so that light scattered at a fixed range
31、of angles reaches the detector (see Figure 1). Depending on the design, these instruments can measure the scattered light in the region of = 90, 45or less than 30. Choice of observation angle plays a prominent part in detection. Front scattering is relatively insensitive to changing airborne particl
32、e refractive index and so forward-scattering photometers with scattering angles 60 000 points data logger TSI Dustrak 2 (model 8532) pumped (1,4 to 3) yes portable 316 x 125 x 121w: 1,3 w: 1,5 (with battery) size selective inlet conditioners to measure PM1, PM2,5and PM10size fractions 0,001 to 150 n
33、ot mentioned not mentioned 0,1 % of reading or 0,001 mg m-3factory calibrated according to ISO 12103-1 with A1 test dust graphical colour touch screen 60 000 points data logger TSI Dustrak DRX (model 8533) pumped (1,4 to 3) yes desktop 224 x 216 x 135w: 1,6 w: 2 (with one battery) w: 2,5 (with two b
34、atteries) 0 to 15 simultaneously measures five size segregated mass fraction concentrations PM1, PM2,5, PM10, PMtotand respirable 0,001 to 150 not mentioned not mentioned 0,1 % of reading or 0,001 mg m-3factory calibrated according to ISO 12103-1 with A1 test dust photometric and size calibration re
35、quired to give accurate measurements in-line filter behind sensor for concurrent filter sampling graphical colour touch screen 60 000 points data logger TSI Dustrak DRX (model 8534) pumped (1,4 to 3)a yes portable 316 x 125 x 121w: 1,3 w:1,5 (with battery) 0 to 15 simultaneously measures five size s
36、egregated mass fraction concentrations PM1, PM2,5, PM10, PMtotand respirable 0,001 to 150 not mentioned not mentioned 0,1 % of reading or 0,001 mg m-3factory calibrated to ISO 12103-1 with A1 test dust photometric and size calibration required to give accurate measurements graphical colour touch scr
37、een 60 000 points data logger aThe instrument is non-pumped, but can be fitted with a size-selective inlet and sampling pump. b This indicates the range of particle size that the monitor can sample depending on the type of head used. The sensor is only sensitive to the respirable size range. NOTE Al
38、l information is supplied by the manufacturers themselves and the definition of the terms “precision“, accuracy“ and “resolution“ may be different. PD CEN/TR 16013-3:2012CEN/TR 16013-3:2012 (E) 24 Bibliography 1 ARMBRUSTER, L. (1987), A new generation of light-scattering instruments for respirable d
39、ust measurements, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 31, 2, 181-193 2 BARON, P. (1988), Modern real-time aerosol samplers, Appl Ind Hyg. 3, 97-103 3 BREUER H., ROBOCK K., STUKE J. An Encyclopedia of Techniques for Small Particle Identification, 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science Publishers 13
40、MIE, G. (1908), Beitrge zur Optik trber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallsungen. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 25, 377-445 14 MIDDENDORF P. J., LEHOCKY A. H. 46: 197207 21 WANG X., CHANCELLOR G., EVENSTAD J. et al. (2009), A novel optical instrument for estimating size segregated aerosol mass concentratio
41、n in real time, Aero Sci Method 0600, issue 3, January 1998, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth edition 28 EN 13205:2001, Workplace atmospheres Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particle concentrations PD CEN/TR 16013-3:2012This page deliberately lef
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