1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16149:2011Guidance Document fordrafting CEN/TC 158 StandardsPD CEN/TR 16149:2011 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of
2、CEN/TR 16149:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e P H / 6 , H e a d p r o t e c t i o n .A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the
3、 necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2011 ISBN 978 0 580 71866 3 ICS 13.340.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and
4、 Strategy Committee on 30 June 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dPD CEN/TR 16149:2011TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16149 March 2011 ICS 13.340.20 English Version Guidance Document for drafting CEN/TC 158 Standards Document directeur p
5、our la rdaction des normes CEN/TC 158 Leitfaden fr die Erarbeitung von Normen des CEN/TC 158This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 27 December 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 158. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
6、 Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATI
7、ON COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16149:2011: EPD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 2
8、 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 General 62 Type of injuries 63 Areas of coverage, areas to be protected and areas to be tested 64 Field of vision .75 Helmet sizes .86 Ventilation .87 Mass 88 Comfort .89 Skin irritation 910 Innocuousness of materials .911 Ignitability / Flame resistance .91
9、2 Corrosion 913 Combined and combination PPE and accessories 914 Compatibility with other headgear 1015 Compatibility with other PPE . 1016 Shock absorption 1017 Rotational effects 1018 Penetration 1119 Crush and rigidity . 1120 Retention system strength 1221 Retention system effectiveness 1222 Radi
10、ant heat 1323 Electrical and electrostatic properties . 1324 Protection against molten metal . 1425 Testing scheme . 1426 Pre-conditioning . 1527 Conditioning 1528 Pre-requisites for the testing . 1529 Sizes of headforms . 1530 Application of the uncertainty of measurement 1631 Marking and labelling
11、 . 1632 Information to be supplied by the manufacturer for users 17PD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 3 33 Life of helmet . 1834 Terms and definitions . 1835 Annex ZA of the PPE Directive 19Annex A (informative) Combined and combination PPE and accessories . 20Annex B (informative) Applicatio
12、n of uncertainty of measurement 21Bibliography 23PD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16149:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 158 “Head Protection”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of t
13、he elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 5 Introduction This document has been produced by the convenors of CEN/TC158 working groups. It
14、is intended to serve as a guide, to be consulted when drafting new EN standards for head protection and when revising or amending existing ones. Whilst implementation of its contents is not mandatory, working groups are urged not to make deviations from this guidance document without good cause. Thi
15、s is a living document omissions will be covered in later issues. In this document, reference is made to CEN/TR 16148, Head and neck impact, burn and noise injury criteria A Guide for CEN helmet standards committees. This gives further guidance about the areas of the head which helmet standards shou
16、ld aim to protect, and about head and neck injuries. The working group should assess the foreseeable risks against which the helmet should provide protection. Each of the helmet standards should provide for a helmet, which will offer optimum protection to the head against these foreseeable risks and
17、 should satisfy the Basic Health and Safety Requirements of EU Directive 89/686/EEC to the extent indicated in Annex ZA of the helmet standard. Helmet standards should indicate, in an informative annex, how the level of performance requirements specified relates to the severity of injury to be toler
18、ated. Working groups should refer to CEN/TR 16148 when drafting this annex. Reference is also made to EN 13087 (all parts), Protective helmets Test methods. This standard provides harmonized methods of test for many of the topics listed below. The various parts of EN 13087 are listed in the Bibliogr
19、aphy. PD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 6 1 General Typically, a helmet standard will include a Requirements section and a Testing section. 1.1 Requirements section The topics listed below should always be addressed, as a minimum. Other requirements, not included here, will be dependent upon
20、 the type of helmet for which the standard is being written. The choice of performance requirements should be based upon the risk to the wearer and the ability to perform the tasks to be undertaken whilst wearing the helmet. It is recommended that these criteria be stated in the introduction to the
21、helmet standard (and possibly also in the Scope) so that the risks and work activities that the standard intends to cover are made clear. It may also be useful to state the injury level that is regarded as tolerable when the helmet meets its performance requirements. This needs to be phrased with ca
22、re it should not suggest that it can replace the need for the user to conduct their own risk assessment before choosing/using a helmet, nor should it exclude the helmet from carefully considered use outside its primary field of use. The level of performance requirement should be based upon the sever
23、ity of injury to be tolerated. Refer to CEN/TR 16148 for specific guidance on the relevant topic. If there is a performance requirement then there must be a corresponding test method. 1.2 Testing section Before specifying a test for a particular requirement, check to see if there is a relevant part
24、of EN 13087. If there is not, or if the EN 13087 method is not considered suitable by the WG, then the WG should write a test method and include it in the helmet standard. 2 Type of injuries This topic is covered in CEN/TR 16148. 3 Areas of coverage, areas to be protected and areas to be tested The
25、following three areas are variously mentioned in many helmet standards. For the purpose of this document, they are defined and explained as follows. 1) Area to be tested - the area /points on the helmet which will be subjected to a performance test (not only a visual assessment). This area may inclu
26、de ventilation features. 2) Area to be protected - the area/points on a head or headform for which protection is intended/deemed to be provided by the helmet. This area should correspond to the parts of the head that are intended to be protected from injury, as described at the end of this section.
27、The helmet standard should specify performance and, if necessary, constructional requirements for all areas designated as areas to be protected. It is preferable for the area to be protected to be entirely described by the area to be tested, i.e. to be defined only by performance requirements. Howev
28、er, if performance testing of some parts of the area to be protected is deemed by the working group to be too complex or difficult, then a constructional requirement may be used e.g. specify a minimum thickness of the shell or liner or both and that the shell or liner or both shall be of the same de
29、nsity and material as within the test area. Such a constructional requirement should be carefully considered, and in particular the PD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 7 validity of the assumption, that a similar thickness of shell or liner or both at different points on the helmet will afford
30、 similar impact performance at those different points, should be examined. Therefore, the area to be protected will include, but may extend beyond, the area to be tested by a performance test, (1) above. 3) Area of coverage, extent of coverage - the area/points on a head or headform which are intend
31、ed to be covered by the helmet; currently assessed visually in several helmet standards. These, and similar, terms should not be used within helmet standards because they are not relevant to the protective function of the helmet. They are subjective, cause confusion and lead to differences in interp
32、retation. For each performance requirement (e.g. shock absorption, resistance to penetration, etc), the working group should determine requirements for areas (1) and (2). These should be defined and assessed using the appropriate test headform, specified in the helmet standard. For example, EN 1078:
33、1997 states specifically: “4.4 Shock absorbing capacity The helmet shall give protection to the forehead, rear, sides, temples and crown of the head.” Standards should be no less descriptive than this example and should consider the need to be more descriptive with reference to N551. For example, us
34、e of terms such as “temporal region“, “parietal region“ and “occipital region“ should be encouraged; if the Committee believes that this gives a more precise definition for the purpose of protection. Furthermore, if one part of the head is deemed to be more vulnerable or more susceptible to injury f
35、or a given dose (for example force, acceleration) then the committee should consider this and prescribe different requirements for the different parts. For example it is known that an impact in the temporal region is likely to be more in injurious than an equivalent impact to the occipital region. T
36、he committee should be precise about the requirements for the area of protection if this is defined to be greater than the test area. It is not sufficient simply to define an area of protection without defining the requirements for that area. As is noted in Clause 13 (and in sections W and X of Anne
37、x A), parts of the helmet (and accessories) may, or may not, have a protective function. Where part of the helmet or an accessory is not designed to protect it must not reduce the level of protection afforded by any other part of the helmet. In practice, this will often mean that the helmet should b
38、e tested with the non-protective part of the helmet or accessory fitted. 4 Field of vision There will generally be a need to define at least a minimum requirement for the field of vision, since there is a balance between the protection from impact etc. and the risk of the field of vision being too s
39、mall to be safe. The working group should specify the requirements for field of vision that are relevant for the particular type of helmet. In many types of helmet, requirements for field of vision may compromise both the area of the head to be protected and the area of the helmet to be tested for s
40、hock absorption and/or penetration. Examples of field of vision requirements in helmet Standards include: Motorcycle helmets (UN ECE 22 05) upward 7o from top of eyes, downward 45o from bottom of eyes, horizontally +/-52.5o. This reflects the need to protect the forehead and the lack of need to view
41、 very far upward to see the road, etc. The same requirement is used for snowmobile/bobsleigh helmets (EN 13781:2001) for the same reasons. Ice hockey helmets (EN ISO 10256:2003) - upward 35o from top of eyes, horizontally +/-45o. Here there is a greater need for upward vision, while there is no chin
42、-guard so downward vision has not been specified. PD CEN/TR 16149:2011CEN/TR 16149:2011 (E) 8 A useful reference for general fields of vision for different tasks is EN 894-2:1997, Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators Part 2: Displays. Subclause
43、s 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 define three zones of decreasing efficiency for visual signal detection and monitoring tasks; recommended zone a cone with 30o internal angle; acceptable zone between a cone with 30o and 60o internal angle; and not suitable zone outside a cone with 60o internal angle. Of course, fo
44、r many helmet applications peripheral vision outside the 60o cone is still needed (e.g. the Standards above). Requirements for field of vision should use the test method given in EN 13087-6. 5 Helmet sizes Helmet standards should specify which requirements are to be satisfied for particular sizes, o
45、r for ranges of helmet sizes, relevant to the population of intended wearers. If ranges of sizes is preferred, it may be useful to refer in the standard to “helmet type”, i.e. “Category of helmets, which does not differ in such essential respects as the materials or dimensions or construction of the
46、 helmet, of the retention system or of the protective padding”. 6 Ventilation Ventilation features should allow air movement between the inside and outside of the helmet. Ventilation of any helmet has an important impact on comfort and wearability. However, at present, there is no recognised test me
47、thod for assessing ventilation performance. In many types of helmet, requirements for ventilation may compromise both the extent of protection provided and the area of the helmet to be tested for shock absorption and/or penetration. If ventilation features are provided and are positioned within the
48、area of the helmet to be tested for shock absorption and/or penetration, all such features should be subjected to these tests. The definition of ventilation (and non-ventilation) holes and features needs to be carefully considered and clearly worded so as to avoid ambiguities in interpretation. 7 Ma
49、ss The mass of the helmet should always be made available to the user. The working group should define how and where this is done. 8 Comfort It should be remembered that comfort is a very subjective assessment. However, it is a well-known fact that the more comfortable a piece of personal protective equipment, the more likely the user is to wear it. Many factors are involved mass / pos
