1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16227:2011Liquid petroleumproducts Bio-lubricants Recommendationfor terminology andcharacterisation of bio-lubricants and bio-basedlubricantsPD CEN/TR 16227:2011 PUBLIS
2、HED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR16227:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/7, Lubricants and process fluids.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its se
3、cretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 73251 5ICS 75.100; 75.120Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document wa
4、s published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16227:2011TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16227 August 2011 ICS 75.100; 75.120 English Version Liquid petrol
5、eum products - Bio-lubricants - Recommendation for terminology and characterisation of bio-lubricants and bio-based lubricants Produits ptroliers liquides - Bio-lubrifiants - Recommandations pour la terminologie et la caractrisation des biolubrifiants et des lubrifiants provenant de la biomasse Flss
6、ige Minerall-Erzeugnisse - Bio-Schmierstoffe - Empfehlungen fr die Terminologie und Charakterisierung von Bio-Schmierstoffen und bio-basierten Schmierstoffen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 14 May 2011. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19. CEN members are the natio
7、nal standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerl
8、and and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN
9、/TR 16227:2011: EPD CEN/TR 16227:2011CEN/TR 16227:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Terms and definitions .53 Public perception .64 Commonly used terms 74.1 General 74.2 Current situation 84.3 Recommendation for terminology 104.3.1 General . 104.3.2 Standard designation of
10、 the term “bio-lubricant“ and “bio-based lubricant“ 104.3.3 Minimum requirements for “bio-lubricants“ and “bio-based lubricant“ . 105 Bio-lubricants 115.1 Bio-lubricants base fluids . 115.1.1 General . 115.1.2 Natural base oils from biomass 125.1.3 Synthetic base oils derived from biomass . 125.1.4
11、Biodegradable base oils from non-renewable resources 135.2 Bio-lubricants additives 135.3 Bio-lubricants functionalities . 145.4 Bio-lubricants groups of application . 146 Standardisation needs . 166.1 Standard test methods . 166.2 Biodegradation 166.3 Ecotoxicity . 176.4 Renewable Raw Material (RRM
12、) 186.5 Issues in progress: sustainability, LCA, certification . 18Bibliography . 20PD CEN/TR 16227:2011CEN/TR 16227:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16227:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synth
13、etic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document ha
14、s been prepared under a Mandate M/430 of the European Commission, addressed to CEN for the development of European standards for bio-lubricants in relation to bio-based product aspects. It has been prepared by CEN/TC 19/WG 33 “bio lubricants”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. PD CEN/TR 16227
15、:2011CEN/TR 16227:2011 (E) 4 Introduction The main reason of the recent interest in bio-lubricants is due to the origin (i.e. use of bio-based raw materials) or to the biodegradability of the final products, needed for instance in case of leakages or technically intended losses. The use of bio-based
16、 raw materials could be beneficial with reference to two current problems: fossil resources depletion and climate change. Today, regarding the latter issue, we have to manage the carbon in order to avoid its accumulation in the atmosphere. Efficient use of all available resources and responsible uti
17、lization of renewable carbon is a way to participate in this reduction. Lubricants are important materials which contribute significantly to environmental protection: thanks to their tailor-made properties they reduce energy losses and wear in machines and aggregates. The global manufacture of lubri
18、cants in all applications only uses a small part of the entire consumed mineral oil: in Europe, it only makes up around 1 %. The major fraction ( 80 %) of the residual fossil material is used for energy production, predominantly for transportation and heating purposes. Besides crude oil, biomass is
19、an additional raw material source for lubricants. The currently available biomass is consumed in different segments: food and feed production, power and heat generation, biofuel production and industrial applications (e. g. production of paper, fine chemicals). Due to the limited capacity of ecosyst
20、ems, the utilization efficiency of renewable resources and availability issues have to be addressed across the whole bio-economy landscape. The eco-efficiency in this competitive use (e. g. energetic use vs. manufacture of goods) should always be in focus. According to various scientists 1, it would
21、 appear appropriate to use agricultural raw materials predominantly in a cascade of uses, instead of burning them directly in furnaces or engines. That would mean, for example, first producing a bio-lubricant from biomass: around 1 t to 2 t of bio-lubricants can be produced per hectare of agricultur
22、e land. The bio-lubricant thereby stores CO2in the form of vegetable carbon and removes it from the atmosphere. It would be desirable to trap this CO2in the lubricant for as long as possible. Finally, after maximum utilization including recycling when achievable and appropriate, the lubricant can th
23、en be used either as energy source or after re-refining as downshifted base oil to return the bound carbon to the natural cycle in the form of CO2. In order to ensure responsible and environmentally conscious use of natural (fossil and renewable) resources, a clear and unambiguous terminology is of
24、particular importance. The approach which is published in this report is focused on the view of the customer: Are the referred criteria for “bio-lubricants” potentially provable for the formulated product? The statement of this report is: Every announcement with regard to biodegradability, toxicity
25、and bio-based content should be measurable through the final product in hands of the customer. Finally, this approach intends to enhance the reputation of “bio-lubricants” and the confidence of the customer in this product group, even if no official eco-label stands for the correctness of declaratio
26、ns. The criteria for “bio-lubricants“ published in this Technical Report are not contrary to the European Ecolabel for Lubricants, but complementary. PD CEN/TR 16227:2011CEN/TR 16227:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report gives information about bio-lubricants and recommendations for bio-lubricant
27、 (and bio-based lubricant) related terminology. These recommendations are based on a discussion of commonly used terms in this field. This Technical Report also briefly describes the current test methods in relation to the characterization of bio-lubricants. It presents recommendations for related s
28、tandards in the field of biodegradability, product functionality, impact on greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of different renewable raw materials and/or different bio-based contents used during manufacturing of such bio-lubricants forming one product group. The criteria of the European Ecolab
29、el for Lubricants (“EEL”) 2 include the terms discussed in this paper. NOTE 1 The European Lead Market Initiative (“LMI”) 3 defines the term “bio-based” as described in Table 1. It is important to mention that “bio-based” does not imply “biodegradable”. In addition, “biodegradable” does not imply th
30、e use of “bio-based” material. NOTE 2 For the purposes of this European Technical Report, the term “% (m/m)” is used to represent the mass fraction. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 renewable resource resource replenished by na
31、tural processes at a rate comparable to its exploitation rate 2.2 biomass material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized NOTE This definition refers to the well-known short-cycle of carbon, i. e. the life cycle of biological materials (e. g. plan
32、ts, algae, marine organisms, forestry, micro-organisms, animals and biological waste from households, agriculture, animals and food/feed production). 2.3 bio-based derived from biomass NOTE “Biomass based”, “bio-sourced”, “biogenic” and “from renewable resource” are equivalent terms to bio-based. 2.
33、4 bio-based product product wholly or partly bio-based NOTE The bio-based product is normally characterised by the biomass content. For the time being 25 % (m/m) is recommended as a minimum content of biomass in the final product formulation. 2.5 bio-based carbon content amount of carbon in a sample
34、 that is of recent origin, as evidenced by its 14C isotope content NOTE 1 Materials contained in a sample are carbon-based compounds in which the element carbon is attached to other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, or other elements in a chain, ring, or three-dimensional structure. NOTE 2 The amount
35、of bio-based carbon in the material or product is often expressed as a percentage of the mass of the total organic carbon of the product. PD CEN/TR 16227:2011CEN/TR 16227:2011 (E) 6 NOTE 3 For developing the market for bio-based products, there is an obvious need for ways to distinguish bio-based pr
36、oducts from non-bio-based products. As bio-based products can be made with a mix of bio-based and non-bio-based (e. g. from fossil oil) components, the bio-based content criteria is of high importance. Test methods used at present for that matter are almost always based on 14C measurement as specifi
37、ed in the US standard test method ASTM D 6866 12. In Europe, such methods are currently being developed further for applications such as solid recovered fuels (EN 15440 24). However, these methods have not yet been applied to the whole range of bio-based products, such as liquids, and assembled prod
38、ucts. A horizontal standard that can be adequately applied to measure bio-based carbon content in all sorts of products is hence needed. 2.6 biomass content mass fraction of bio-based material in a sample, including all molecular ingredients of biomass, besides carbon f.e. oxygen, nitrogen or hydrog
39、en NOTE Claims of biomass content are difficult to verify due to lack of standards. Effectively, with ASTM D6866 12 only the content of 14C content can be measured. In contrast, no standard is actually known for the determination of the oxygen content. 2.7 biocompatible compatible with human, animal
40、 and vegetable tissues and interface with biological systems without having toxic or negative physiological effects 2.8 biodegradable high amount of the final formulated product will be biodegraded after a certain time NOTE According to well accepted test methods (like OECD 301 or adequate ISO stand
41、ards) a high amount of the final formulated product will be biodegraded after a certain time (in case of OECD 301 more than 60 % after 28 days). 2.9 bio-based lubricant lubricant wholly or partly bio-based 2.10 possible impact to the environment end-of-life aspects connected with total loss or waste
42、 NOTE 1 Especially for the end-of-life management of bio-lubricants, it is important to differentiate between total-loss lubricants and collectable lubricants. For this reason, an indication of biodegradability via an appropriate marking is a good contribution towards more clarity. NOTE 2 The number
43、s shown in Figure 2 can give an impression of the different end-of-life scenarios of lubricants. NOTE 3 For the time being, recycling of lubricants is focussed on mineral oil; due to relatively low volumes, vegetable oils or ester oils within the collected used oils are tolerable, but not treated in
44、dividually to get back the single component. 2.11 fit for purpose fit for use judged as usable in a specific application NOTE In this sense, the term fit for purpose describes the legal responsibility of the manufacturer, as well as the responsibility of the user. In cases where specific standards a
45、re available and accepted, those criteria should be used; the best example of this would be the International Standard ISO 15380 14 for bio hydraulic fluids 3 Public perception The “bio-“ prefix is often considered as a synonym of good for the environment, or in another situation, good for health. T
46、he prefix “bio“, when associated with lubricants, can be perceived as an indication of PD CEN/TR 16227:2011CEN/TR 16227:2011 (E) 7 biodegradability by the consumers. In other words, a “bio-lubricant” is expected to biodegrade (to break down in the environment). On the other hand, the term bio-lubric
47、ant also strongly conveys the idea of natural origin, as “bio” is taken as an indication of the biological world. An analogy is the term “biofuel” universally taken as implying a fuel derived from renewable resources. However, as we have seen before, all the different classes (Table 1) are actually
48、present in the marketplace. This is a cause for concern, as it can be the source of misleading information and confusion for the final consumers. The dissemination of confusing, ambiguous or misleading information should be prevented in order to not jeopardize the success of such schemes as well as
49、the credibility of industry itself. Claims of biodegradability should be supported by appropriate standards. In some cases, bio-lubricants refer to biocompatible lubricants that interface with biological systems having toxic or negative physiological effects. Often bio-lubricants are perceived as low performance lubricants. It should be recognized, that modern high performance bio-lubricants can meet and even exceed the performance of conventional lubricants in the market. Table 1 common
