1、BSI Standards PublicationTextiles and textile products Smart textiles Definitions, categorisation, applications and standardization needsPD CEN/TR 16298:2011National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16298:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to
2、 TechnicalCommittee TCI/80, Chemical testing of textiles.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The Bri
3、tish Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 75134 9ICS 59.080.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 Nove
4、mber 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 16298:2011TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16298 November 201 ICS 59.080.99 English Version Textiles and textile products - Smart textiles - Definitions, categorisation,
5、 applications and standardization needs Textiles et produits textiles - Textiles intelligents - Dfinitions, catgorisation, applications et besoins de normalisation Textilien und textile Produkte - Intelligente Textilien - Definitionen, Klassifizierung, Anwendungen und Normungsbedarf This Technical R
6、eport was approved by CEN on 24 October 2011. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 248. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy
7、, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000
8、Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16298:2011: EPD CEN/TR 16298:2011CEN/TR 16298:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41Scope 62Terms and definitions .63Functional and smart textile materi
9、als 73.1Functional textile materials 73.2Intelligent (smart) textile materials 94Smart textile systems . 144.1Categories . 154.2Examples of “intelligent textile systems” and their functional analysis 165Recommendations for standardization 215.1General . 215.2Verification of claimed performances 225.
10、3Innocuousness 225.4Durability of properties 225.5Product information 225.6Environmental aspects 235.7Examples of possible standardization of intelligent textile materials and systems . 24Annex A (informative) Regulations, standards and conformity assessment 28Bibliography . 32PD CEN/TR 16298:2011CE
11、N/TR 16298:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16298:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and textile products”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
12、 rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16298:2011CEN/TR 16298:2011 (E) 4 Introduction Terms like “smart textile” and “intelligent textile” mean different things to different people. However, there is some common agreement th
13、at these are textiles or textile products that possess additional intrinsic and functional properties not normally associated with traditional textiles. Although adjectives such as “smart“ or “intelligent“ are mainly intended for marketing purposes, more technically correct definitions will not prev
14、ent the use of this terminology by textile manufacturers or by the general public. Nor will the unintended inclusion of “non-smart” products make products any less safe or fit for purpose. The standardization of smart textiles or smart textile products or systems is not straightforward because it in
15、volves an overlap between the standardization of the “traditional“ textile product, e.g. a fire fighters jacket, and the standardization of the additional intrinsic functional properties of the “smart product“, whatever they may be. This overlap can manifest itself in a number of areas that may incl
16、ude: Legislation: all textile products should comply with the requirements of the general product safety directive, which stipulates that only safe products should be put on the European market. Certain textile product groups, e.g. protective clothing, geotextiles or textile floor coverings, are in
17、addition subject to specific national and European legislation and it may even be necessary to simultaneously address the requirements of more than one EU Directive. A “classic“ fire fighters suit should comply with the requirements of the PPE Directive, usually supported by EN 469, whereas a “smart
18、“ fire fighters suit with built-in electronic features should e.g. also comply with the applicable provisions of ICT and ATEX regulations. Conformity assessment will also need to follow the conformity assessment schemes for both regulations. Expertise: the knowledge and experience of standardization
19、 for the textile properties and for the additional properties (temperature sensing, variable thermal insulation properties) may come from different unrelated standardization groups. To take the above example, there will need to be input from standardization groups working in the areas of textiles, m
20、edical devices and electric or electronic devices. Testing: there will be a need to test the additional functional properties to specific textile test standards and vice versa. Again, with the same example, the electronic elements might have to be assessed for their resistance to cleaning and the te
21、xtile elements may need to be tested for electrical safety. Unexpected and/or unintended synergies: these might result from the combination of technologies in smart textiles and should be recognised and addressed by standardization, wherever possible. For example, the presence of conductive fibres t
22、o incorporate a personal stereo into a smart raincoat might increase the risk of the wearer suffering a lightning-strike in a thunderstorm. This is despite the fact that neither rainwear nor personal stereos, when separate, need to be assessed against this risk. The purpose of this technical report
23、is to give advice and information on the considerations that need to be addressed when writing standards for smart textiles, or applying existing standards to them. This information may be of use to: end-users, in determining whether a product has indeed been fully assessed; conformity assessment bo
24、dies, as a guide towards assessing products according to the appropriate standards; specification writers, as a guide to writing new specific standards for smart textiles; manufacturers of smart textiles, to advise them on appropriate product testing and on suitable ways to substantiate product clai
25、ms; PD CEN/TR 16298:2011CEN/TR 16298:2011 (E) 5 market surveillance authorities, to help in the assessment of product claims, product safety and fitness for purpose. The factual information in this report is available elsewhere in a more comprehensive form and each individual item will inevitably be
26、 common knowledge to at least one group of readers. The aim of this technical report is to guide readers through those areas, with which they are not familiar, and to direct them towards further, more specialised reading. In accordance with CEN rules, this Technical Report will be reviewed regularly
27、 to keep it in line with technical and market evolutions. PD CEN/TR 16298:2011CEN/TR 16298:2011 (E) 6 1 Scope This Technical Report provides definitions in the field of “smart“ textiles and textile products as well as a categorisation of different types of smart textiles. It describes briefly the cu
28、rrent stage of development of these products and their application potential and gives indications on preferential standardization needs. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. In literature, both the terms smart and intelligent are used
29、. In this text the two terms are considered equivalent and hence exchangeable. NOTE European Directive 2008/121-EC provides definitions of “textile products“ and “textile fibres“, but these definitions are not suitable for the purpose of this Technical Report, since they do not distinguish between “
30、textile products“ and “textile materials“. According to the Directive “textile products“ are “raw, semi-worked, worked, semi-manufactured, manufactured, semi-made-up or made-up products which are exclusively composed of textile fibres, regardless of the mixing or assembly process employed“ or (a) pr
31、oducts containing at least 80 % by weight of textile fibres; (b) furniture, umbrella and sunshade coverings containing at least 80 % by weight of textile components; similarly, the textile components of multi-layer floor coverings, of mattresses and of camping goods, and warm linings of footwear, gl
32、oves, mittens and mitts, provided such parts or linings constitute at least 80 % by weight of the complete article; (c) textiles incorporated in other products and forming an integral part thereof, where their composition is specified. 2.1 textile material material made of textile fibres and intende
33、d to be used, as such or in conjunction with other textile or non-textile items, for the production of textile products 2.2 functional textile material textile material to which a specific function is added by means of material, composition, construction and/or finishing (applying additives, etc.) 2
34、.3 smart textile material (intelligent textile material) functional textile material, which interacts actively with its environment, i.e. it responds or adapts to changes in the environment NOTE The term “smart textile“ may refer to either a “smart textile material“ or a “smart textile system“. Only
35、 the context, in which the term is used, will determine which one of the two is intended. 2.4 environment (surroundings) the circumstances, objects, or conditions, which surround a textile material or textile product or the user of that material or product PD CEN/TR 16298:2011CEN/TR 16298:2011 (E) 7
36、 2.5 textile system an assemblage of textile and non-textile components integrated into a product that still retains textile properties, e.g. a garment, a carpet or a mattress NOTE The terms “textile system“ and “textile product“ may be interchangeable in many cases. 2.6 smart textile system a texti
37、le system which exhibits an intended and exploitable response as a reaction either to changes in its surroundings/environment or to an external signal/input 3 Functional and smart textile materials 3.1 Functional textile materials 3.1.1 General Functional textile materials can be components of intel
38、ligent textile systems and hence functional textile materials, which are relevant for these intelligent textile systems, will be discussed here. This is illustrated by the following examples: Example 1: A textile resistance heater Functional textile material: a conductive material forming the basis
39、of a resistance heater in a textile system. Smart textile system: a textile resistance heater as (part of) a textile system, connected to an electrical power supply which can only be switched on and off manually or a resistance heater as part of a textile system, connected to an electrical power sup
40、ply with a regulated power output and equipped with a temperature sensor as to maintain a constant temperature around the heater. Example 2: Optical fibres Functional textile material: optical fibres used as part of a textile system Smart textile system: optical fibres as (part of) a textile system,
41、 connected to a light source which can only be switched on and off manually or optical fibres as part of a textile system, connected to a light source with a regulated power output and equipped with a sensor to adjust the illumination level to the amount of light present due to other light sources i
42、n the surroundings of the textile system. 3.1.2 Electrically conductive textile materials Electrically conductive textile materials conduct an electrical current or supply an electric field to a device. Electrical conduction is the movement of electrically charged particles through an electrical con
43、ductor, called an electric current. The charge transport may result as a response to an electric field or as a result of a concentration gradient in carrier density, i.e. by diffusion. A material is considered electrically conductive if it has a specific conductivity (resistivity) of 10-2S/m ( 102S/
44、m (10 cm). The materials with the highest specific conductivity are metals. Some polymers and ceramics can also have metallic conductivity, e.g. intrinsically conductive polymers (e.g. doped polyaniline) or indium tin oxide (ITO). PD CEN/TR 16298:2011CEN/TR 16298:2011 (E) 8 3.1.3 Thermally conductiv
45、e textile materials Thermally conductive textile materials conduct heat. The transfer of thermal energy in a substance is due to a temperature gradient, i.e. from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, acting to equalize temperature differences. Metals have thermal conducti
46、vities above approximately 20 W/(mK) and are considered to be very good thermal conductors. Their thermal conductivity increases with their electrical conductivity. There are also non-metallic elements and compounds that are (very) good thermal conductors (e.g. carbon and boron nitride). Application
47、s in intelligent textile systems can be as a heat sink, e.g. for cooling electronic components. 3.1.4 Thermally radiative (emissive) textile materials Thermally radiative (emissive) textile materials radiate heat, i.e. they emit electromagnetic radiation in the infra-red range of 750 nm to 100 m fro
48、m their surface due to their temperature. Thermal radiation (emission) can be utilized in the form of a resistance heater, where the resistance of a conductor is used to heat the conductor to a sufficiently high temperature to generate heat radiation or as a heat exchanger, e.g. a pipe with hot air
49、or hot water flowing through it. Applications in intelligent textile materials are as thermal heaters, as described in 3.1.1. 3.1.5 Optically conductive textile materials Optically conductive textile materials transport (visible) light, i.e. electromagnetic radiation in the range of 400 nm to 750 nm. Optical fibres from glass or plastic keep the light in their core by total internal reflection, i.e. the fibre acts as a waveguide. Optical fibres are widely
