1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationCharacterization of waste Overall guidance document for characterization of wastefrom the extractive industriesPD CEN/TR 16376:2012National forewordThis Published Document is the
2、 UK implementation of CEN/TR 16376:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical CommitteeB/508, Waste Management, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Characterization ofwaste.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publica
3、tion does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 72733 7ICS 13.030.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fro
4、mlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 16376:2012TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN
5、/TR 16376 October 2012 ICS 13.030.01 English Version Characterization of waste - Overall guidance document for characterization of waste from the extractive industries Caractrisation des dchets - Document guide pour la caractrisation des dchets issus des industries extractivesCharakterisierung von A
6、bfllen - Leitfaden zur Charakterisierung von Abfllen der mineralgewinnenden Industrie This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 24 June 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, C
7、zech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
8、 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16376:2012: EPD CEN
9、/TR 16376:2012CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 5Introduction . 61 Scope 72 Principles and procedures . 72.1 Definition and role of waste characterization . 72.2 The waste characterization process at a glance 72.3 Choice of test methods . 122.4 Health and safety . 142.5 Applications .
10、 152.5.1 Development of waste management plans . 152.5.2 Waste facility classification 152.5.3 Inert waste classification 162.5.4 Prediction of discharge water quality . 162.5.5 Assessment of closed waste facilities 172.5.6 Planning for monitoring 183 Waste categories, potential environmental impact
11、s and related characterization methods 183.1 General . 183.2 Characterization during the different phases of extractive operations . 183.3 Types of waste facilities . 203.4 Associated environmental aspects . 213.4.1 General . 213.4.2 Risk of dam / slope failure 213.4.3 Risk of dusting and siltation
12、243.4.4 Risk of contaminated drainage 253.4.5 Risk of spontaneous combustion 263.4.6 Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) 264 Supporting information. 274.1 General . 274.2 Background information . 274.3 Geological background of deposit to be exploited 284.3.1 General . 284.3.2 Surroundin
13、g geology 284.3.3 Nature of deposit . 294.3.4 Mineral deposit 294.3.5 Size and geometry . 294.3.6 Weathering stage of deposit 304.4 The waste and its intended handling 314.5 Baseline data for the site of disposal 325 Characterization tools . 325.1 General . 325.2 Sampling 335.3 Mineralogy 335.3.1 Ge
14、neral . 335.3.2 Analytical methods 345.3.3 Texture 355.4 Physical and hydraulic properties . 365.4.1 General . 365.4.2 Overview of types of geotechnical investigations . 365.4.3 Test methods for physical and hydraulic properties . 36PD CEN/TR 16376:2012CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E) 3 5.4.4 In situ investiga
15、tions of physical and hydraulic properties of deposited waste 375.5 Chemical composition 385.5.1 General . 385.5.2 Digestion methods for inorganic substances 385.5.3 Analysis of major, minor and trace elements . 385.5.4 Chemical speciation 395.5.5 Sulfur (total, sulfate, and sulfide) 395.6 Determina
16、tion of acid generation potential 395.6.1 General . 395.6.2 Paste pH . 395.6.3 Acid-base accounting . 395.6.4 Kinetic testing 405.7 Leaching behaviour and leaching tests 415.8 Field Investigations . 426 Evaluation and interpretation . 426.1 General . 426.2 Uncertainties limitations 436.3 Interpretat
17、ion and evaluation of geotechnical data . 446.4 Mineralogy, chemistry, leaching and A/NRD evaluation . 446.4.1 General . 446.4.2 Mineralogy 456.4.3 Chemistry . 466.4.4 Acid-base accounting . 476.4.5 Kinetic testing 496.4.6 Leaching . 516.5 Field verification 526.6 Water quality predictions . 527 Doc
18、umentation and reporting 53Annex A (informative) Terms and definitions 55Annex B (informative) Test methods Geochemical analysis Applicability of EN and ISO Standards . 58B.1 Introduction 58B.2 Evaluation of applicability 58B.2.1 General . 58B.2.2 Procedure . 58B.2.3 Types of wastes . 59B.2.4 Levels
19、 of applicability . 59B.3 Methods to analyse waste from the extractive industries 59B.3.1 General remark 59B.3.2 Sample preparation . 60B.3.3 Physical-chemical parameters (see also Annex C) 60B.3.4 Digestion and extraction methods 62B.3.5 Composition: major, minor and trace elements . 62B.3.6 Organi
20、c and inorganic carbon . 64B.3.7 Sulfur (total, sulfate and sulfidic) (see also Annex F for sulfide analysis) 66B.3.8 Eluate and leachate analysis . 67B.3.9 Eluates: analytical methods referenced in EN 12506 and EN 13370 67B.3.10 Eluates: further analytical methods . 71Annex C (informative) Physical
21、 and hydraulic properties . 72C.1 Introduction 72C.2 Existing standards 72C.2.1 Physical properties . 78C.2.2 Hydraulic properties 81Annex D (informative) Leach tests 83D.1 Leach tests . 83D.2 Applicability of leaching tests . 83PD CEN/TR 16376:2012CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E) 4 D.3 Leaching test procedure
22、s . 85D.3.1 pH-dependence leaching test 85D.3.2 Column leaching test 85D.3.3 Dynamic monolith leaching test 85D.3.4 Compacted granular leaching test 85D.3.5 Sequential extraction 86D.3.6 Field tests . 86D.3.7 Short term tests . 87Annex E (informative) Mineralogical analysis 88E.1 Mineralogical analy
23、tical methods 88E.1.2 X-ray powder diffractometer 91E.1.3 Optical microscopy . 92E.1.4 Electron microscopy techniques . 92E.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 92Annex F (informative) . 94Sulfur speciation in waste from extractive industries 94F.1 Total sulphur 94F.2 Sulfur species 94F.3 Analysis p
24、rogram for sulfur species . 94F.4 Analytical procedures for sulfides 95F.4.1 Sulfides (pyrite) determination by combustion at different temperatures 95F.4.2 Sulfides (pyrite) determination (direct) by reaction with HCl . 95F.4.3 Sulfides (pyrite) determination (direct) by reaction with NaCO395F.4.4
25、Sulfides (pyrite) determination (indirect) by leaching with HNO395F.4.5 Sulfides (pyrite) by calculation 96F.5 Results for sulfide (pyrite) sulfur . 96F.5.1 Pyrite-rich waste samples 96F.5.2 Other waste samples. 97F.6 Summary and recommendations . 98Annex G (informative) A/NRD processes and mineralo
26、gy 99G.1 Introduction 99G.2 Natural supergene A/NRD processes 99G.3 Mineral oxidation / dissolution . 100G.3.2 Sulfide . 100G.3.3 Secondary minerals 103G.3.4 Carbonate minerals . 103G.3.5 Silicate minerals 104G.4 Mineralogy issues . 106G.4.2 Mineral reaction rate concepts 106G.4.3 Quantification of
27、the mineral surface 107G.4.4 Mineral texture . 107Annex H (informative) Hydrological and geochemical modelling 109H.1 Importance of modelling long-term release . 109H.2 Uses of modelling 109H.3 Commonly used codes . 110H.4 Challenges . 118Annex I (informative) Field investigations of tailings manage
28、ment facilities and waste rock dumps . 119I.1 Introduction 119I.2 Tailings . 119I.3 Waste rocks . 120Bibliography 123PD CEN/TR 16376:2012CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E) 5 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16376:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat
29、 of which is held by NEN. The preparation of this document by CEN is based on a mandate by the European Commission (Mandate M/395), which assigned the development of standards on the characterization of waste from extractive industries. The target audience of this guidance document includes all stak
30、eholders concerned with the management of extractive waste including authorities, regulators, waste producers, consultants and testing laboratories. The overall guidance document is one out of three guideline documents (TR, technical reports) and one technical specification (TS) on aspects related t
31、o the characterization of extractive wastes developed by CEN/TC 292. These four documents are: overall guidance document for characterization of waste from extractive industries (CEN/TR 16376); guidance on sampling of wastes from extractive industries (CEN/TR 16365); kinetic testing for sulfidic was
32、te from extractive industries (CEN/TR 16363); and sampling and analysis of cyanides (WAD) discharged into tailings ponds (CEN/TS 16229). In addition to these four documents, CEN/TC 292 developed a European Standard (EN 15875) for static determination of acid and neutralization potential of sulfidic
33、waste (acid-base accounting). The overall guidance document applies to waste from extractive industries according to the waste definition in Art. 3 para 1 of the Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste. Therefore, as far as residues from the extractive industries are mentioned in this document they are only c
34、overed if they fulfil the criteria of the above mentioned waste definition. This document provides guidance and is not a required procedure. It gives recommendations on what to evaluate during characterization of waste from extractive industries. It provides a tool box with many different methods th
35、at may or may not be applicable in a specific case, and it is not a legally binding document. PD CEN/TR 16376:2012CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E) 6 Introduction Waste from the extractive industries can only be managed properly if sufficient knowledge about its geochemical and physical properties and behaviour
36、 is available. Such knowledge may be obtained through characterization of the waste. Consequently, Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and the associated Commission Decisions on waste facility class
37、ification, inert waste definition and waste characterization include several requirements related to characterization of waste. In one of its decisions the European Commission states that: “The purpose of the characterization of extractive waste is to obtain the relevant information on the waste to
38、be managed in order to be able to assess and monitor its properties, behaviour and characteristics and thereby ensure that it is managed under environmentally safe conditions in the long term. Furthermore, the characterization of extractive waste should facilitate the determination of the options fo
39、r managing such waste and the related mitigation measures in order to protect human health and the environment.” A multitude of methods and tools are available for various waste characterization purposes some are standardized and some are not. Often several methods that differ only slightly from eac
40、h other are available for the same purpose. Tradition and geography often determine which method is used. In some cases, the use of specific methods is required by legislation. Within EU legislation, European (CEN) Standards and methods are generally preferred if they are available. The implementati
41、on of Directive 2006/21/EC and the COM decisions calls for appropriate waste characterization which may be achieved by the use of several characterization methods and standards. Some of these methods and standards have been applied in the extractive industry for many years, while others have been le
42、ss commonly used in this context. In a few cases, it has been necessary to develop or initiate development of new CEN standards for the purpose. This overall guidance document has been developed by CEN under mandate M/395 by the European Commission to support stakeholders in the EU Member States inv
43、olved in the characterization and management of extractive waste in selecting the appropriate waste characterization tools (standards or methods) for a given purpose related to the management of extractive wastes and to the requirements of Directive 2006/21/EC and the associated COM decisions. Furth
44、ermore; it is meant to provide information on the possibilities and limitations of the methods and to provide some guidance on where to find further information on the interpretation and application of the waste characterization results. The overall guidance document is intended to cover all the dif
45、ferent waste categories produced by the wide range of sectors within the extractive industry and to reflect state-of-the-art with respect to waste characterization methods. It is the purpose of the document to provide the stakeholders with an overall summary of the specific aspects of characterizing
46、 waste from the extractive industries, but it will not replace the in-depth expertise required in most cases. Stakeholders include authorities, regulators, operators/waste producers, consultants and test laboratories. PD CEN/TR 16376:2012CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E) 7 1 Scope This Technical Report gives gu
47、idance and recommendations on the application of methods for the characterization of waste from extractive industries1, i.e. wastes resulting from the prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries. The document covers characterization methods for bot
48、h physical and geochemical properties and also other significant aspects, from planning to interpretation and reporting. The main purpose of the document is to aid the extractive industry and regulatory agencies in the member states in understanding how to perform waste characterization for planned, active and closed extractive operations. The document includes a discussion on when and why characterization may be needed and on the contexts within which characterization data may need to be applied. However, it does not cover information
