1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16391:2012Mechanical vibration and shock Hand-transmitted vibration Influence of coupling forcesat the hand-machine interfaceon exposure evaluationPD CEN/TR 16391:2012
2、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16391:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GME/21/6, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring - Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock.This
3、 Technical Report addresses the influence of coupling forces between the hand and a hand-guided or hand-fed machine on the transmission of vibration into the hand and arm. It also seeks to encourage further research to improve the current state of knowledge. The UK committee advises that it is not a
4、ppropriate to use coupling forces to modify workplace assessments of vibration exposure in relation to the EU Physical Agents (vibration) Directive (implemented in the UK as the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005) or the measures of vibration emission as required by the EU Machinery Safet
5、y Directive (implemented in the UK as the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008).A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible fo
6、r its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 77055 5 ICS 13.160 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Poli
7、cy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16391:2012TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16391 October 2012 ICS 13.160 English Version Mechanical vibration and shock - Hand-transmitted vibration - Influence o
8、f coupling forces at the hand-machine interface on exposure evaluation Chocs et vibrations mcaniques - Vibrations transmises la main - Evaluation de lexposition aux effets des forces de couplage linterface entre la main et la machine Mechanische Schwingungen und Ste - Hand-Arm-Schwingungen - Einflus
9、s der Ankopplungskrfte an der Schnittstelle zwischen Hand und Maschine auf die Bewertung der Schwingungseinwirkung This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 24 June 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 231. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
10、 Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerlan
11、d, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. N
12、o. CEN/TR 16391:2012: EPD CEN/TR 16391:2012CEN/TR 16391:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Symbols and abbreviations 54 Contact force and hand-transmitted vibration .55 Influence of coupling force on vibration exposure evaluation .66 Control of coupl
13、ing forces in the workplace 67 Design of machinery .8Annex A (informative) Evidence for dependence on contact forces 10Annex B (informative) Evaluation of vibration exposure as function of the coupling force 11Annex C (informative) Examples of coupling forces 13Bibliography . 16PD CEN/TR 16391:2012C
14、EN/TR 16391:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16391:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 231 “Mechanical vibration and shock”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pate
15、nt rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16391:2012CEN/TR 16391:2012 (E) 4 Introduction The coupling force between the hand-arm system and a hand-held, hand-guided or hand-fed machine during its use is an important factor in
16、 the transfer of damaging vibration energy to the hand and arm. There is evidence that reducing coupling forces is likely to decrease the damaging effects of exposure to hand-transmitted vibration. However, the relationship between vibration exposure, coupling forces and damage to the hand-arm syste
17、m is still the subject of research studies. There is a need for practical advice for users on how to minimise and control contact forces and guidance on how to account for those reduced contact forces when assessing vibration exposures. Machine manufacturers of hand-held and hand-guided machines nee
18、d advice on how to achieve the best compromise between the requirements for both low coupling forces and low vibration magnitudes. The aims of this Technical Report are to: provide guidance on good-practice for both workplace control of exposure and machine design and encourage further research to i
19、mprove the current state of knowledge. This Technical Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the relationship between vibration exposures, coupling forces and damage to the hand-arm system. It provides general guidance on how to build the reduction of coupling forces into w
20、orkplace action plans to control vibration exposures and how the reduction of coupling forces may be incorporated into machine design. An example of an empirical relationship for accounting the coupling force in assessments of vibration magnitudes is also provided. Technical Reports have no effect o
21、n the regulations specified by European Directives. That means that at present coupling forces should not be used to modify workplace assessments of vibration exposure according to the EU Physical Agents Directive (vibration) 2002/44/EC or the measurement of vibration emission declared according to
22、the EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. PD CEN/TR 16391:2012CEN/TR 16391:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the relationship between vibration exposures, coupling forces and damage to the hand-arm system. It provides general guidance on
23、how to build the reduction of coupling forces into workplace action plans to control vibration exposures and how the reduction of coupling forces may be incorporated into machine design. An example of an empirical relationship that accounts for the coupling force in assessments of vibration magnitud
24、es is also provided. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
25、 (including any amendments) applies. EN 1005-2, Safety of machinery Human physical performance Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery EN 1005-3, Safety of machinery Human physical performance Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation EN ISO 5349-1, Mecha
26、nical vibration Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration Part 1: General requirements (ISO 5349-1) EN ISO 5349-2, Mechanical vibration Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration Part 2: Practical guidance for measurement at the workpl
27、ace (ISO 5349-2) ISO 15230:2007, Mechanical vibration and shock Coupling forces at the man-machine interface for hand-transmitted vibration 3 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in ISO 15230:2007 apply. 4 Contact force and hand-transmitted
28、 vibration EN ISO 5349-1 recognises that, although characterisation of the vibration exposure currently uses the acceleration of the surface in contact with the hand as the primary quantity, it is reasonable to assume that the biological effects depend largely on the coupling of the hand to the vibr
29、ation source. It further notes that the coupling of the hand to the vibrating surface can affect considerably the vibration magnitudes measured. The importance of coupling force on measurement is also emphasised in EN ISO 5349-2, which advises that different measurement ought to be made if there are
30、 changes in the feed forces applied to machines. EN ISO 5349-1 states that coupling forces should be measured, and notes that a standard on measurement of coupling forces was (in 2001) in preparation. ISO 15230 was published in 2007 and defines parameters relating to the measurement of coupling forc
31、es (feed-force, grip force, contact pressures, etc.). ISO 15230 defines the coupling force as the combination of compressive push/pull and grip forces. It provides a basis for obtaining good-quality information on the forces between the vibrating surface and the hand. However, workplace measurement
32、of coupling force is a complex process that requires specialised equipment and knowledge. PD CEN/TR 16391:2012CEN/TR 16391:2012 (E) 6 NOTE Coupling force does not include forces acting tangentially to the vibrating surface, such as the force required to twist a handle. It is the (compressive) coupli
33、ng force that is assumed to influence the transmission of damaging vibration energy into the hand. 5 Influence of coupling force on vibration exposure evaluation The method for assessing workplace exposure to hand-arm vibration is standardised in EN ISO 5349-1. This standard evaluates the risk of ha
34、rm from vibration based on two factors: the vibration at the surface in contact with the hand and the exposure time over the working day. However, EN ISO 5349-1 also recognises that the biological effects of vibration are likely to depend on the coupling of the hand to the vibration source. Annex A
35、summarises the state of current knowledge on the relationship between vibration exposure, coupling force and damage to the hand-arm system. The relationship between vibration exposure, coupling forces and damage to the hand-arm system is still the subject of research studies. However, there is evide
36、nce that reducing coupling forces is likely to decrease the damaging effects of exposure to hand-transmitted vibration. Methods for compensating data on vibration magnitude according to the coupling force have been developed. Annex B provides an example of one such system. The method shown in Annex
37、B requires information on coupling forces, based on measurements according to ISO 15230. Currently there is limited data available on typical coupling forces for normal workplace tasks. Annex C shows some examples of the coupling forces used for a range of hand-held and hand-guided machines. This Te
38、chnical Report provides a bibliography of papers that contribute to the evidence linking coupling forces associated with the use of hand-held and hand-guided machinery and vibration injury. 6 Control of coupling forces in the workplace 6.1 General In general, workplaces and work tasks should be desi
39、gned as far as possible to provide workers with ergonomically good postures for both the body and the hand and arm. Awkward and strained postures will tend to result in higher than necessary coupling-forces between the hand and the handle of the machine. The work tasks should be generally designed t
40、o promote minimum coupling forces. This should begin with selection of the most appropriate machines for the task; it may also include adapting the workstations to reduce contact forces and will include the provision of information for and instruction and training of the machine operators. Some acti
41、ons to reduce coupling forces may increase the magnitude vibration, when evaluated according to EN ISO 5349-1. Understanding how and why the vibration increases may help to identify solutions that will lead to both reduced coupling force and reduced vibration exposure. 6.2 Machine selection Hand-hel
42、d machines (power tools) should be selected based on their capability to do the job. In general, smaller, more compact, machines tend to require lower supporting and twisting forces to hold and manoeuvre them and should be used where they are an option. However, smaller, low-weight, machines may not
43、 be suitable if they need higher feed and gripping forces to compensate for the reduced mass. Sometimes, larger and heavier machines are simply more capable of doing the job being asked of them. For this reason, good ergonomic design of machines may be more important than simply reducing the mass an
44、d making the machine smaller. PD CEN/TR 16391:2012CEN/TR 16391:2012 (E) 7 Things to consider when selecting machines for the workplace: a) Is it able to the job? b) Does it perform the task efficiently? c) Is it designed ergonomically such that it: 1) is easy to operate, 2) is comfortable to use and
45、 3) requires low coupling forces? d) Is it low-vibration? 6.3 Workstations and work-tasks Guidance on ergonomic design criteria and assessment of manual-handling risks related to work activities is given in EN 1005-2. While EN 1005-2 specifically excludes hand-guided (including hand-held) machines,
46、the general good ergonomic practices may be employed, such as: Bringing work pieces up to the natural working level of the worker; Orienting work pieces so that the worker is not required to lift and apply force away from the body; Providing overhead-support for hand-operated machines. Additional gu
47、idance is given in EN 1005-3 on the applied forces that can be applied by typical working populations under different work situations. Overhead support for machines can provide an opportunity for introducing vibration controls that would not normally be possible because of the additional weight. Eff
48、ective vibration reductions have been achieved by fitting the hand-held machine into a frame with vibration-isolated handles. With the weight of the machine supported, the worker is only guiding the machine and the additional weight of the frame does not add to the load that the worker has to suppor
49、t. Adding mass can have an additional advantage; it will act to reduce the amount of motion in the body of the machine, reducing the vibration magnitude. 6.4 Information and training Users of machines need to understand how to get the best out of the machines they use. It is important that workers understand how a machine needs to be operated, why certain operating methods are recommended and why others are not desirable. Instruction and training provided to users should be based on information provid
