1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16514:2013Automotive fuels Unleadedpetrol containing more than3,7 % (m/m) oxygen Roadmap, test methods, andrequirements for E10+ petrolPD CEN/TR 16514:2013 PUBLISHED DO
2、CUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR16514:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/15, Natural Gas and Gas Analysis.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretar
3、y.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 81088 6ICS 75.160.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confe
4、r immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16514:2013TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16514 June 2
5、013 ICS 75.160.20 English Version Automotive fuels - Unleaded petrol containing more than 3,7 % (m/m) oxygen - Roadmap, test methods, and requirements for E10+ petrol Carburants pour automobiles - Essence sans plomb contenant plus de 3,7 % (m/m) doxygne - Feuille de route, mthodes dessai et exigence
6、s pour les essences E10+ Kraftstoffe fr Kraftfahrzeuge - Unverbleiter Ottokraftstoff mit hheren Gehalten an Oxygenaten als 3,7 % (m/m) - Roadmap, Prfverfahren und Anforderungen fr E10+ Ottokraftstoff This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 16 March 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Co
7、mmittee CEN/TC 19. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherla
8、nds, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploita
9、tion in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16514:2013: EPD CEN/TR 16514:2013CEN/TR 16514:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Summary 5 4 Context . 7 5 CEN/TC 19/WG 38 . 7 6 External drivers 7 6.1 Introductio
10、n 7 6.2 Renewable Energy Directive (RED, 2009/28/EC) . 8 6.3 Fuel Quality Directive (FQD, 2009/30/EC) 8 6.4 Vehicle CO2(Regulations 443/2009 and 510/2011) 8 6.5 Todays situation 8 6.6 Factors to be considered . 10 6.7 Final remarks on external drivers 11 7 Engine and vehicle concepts and techniques
11、12 7.1 Summary points . 12 7.2 Current and future constraints for an E10+ petrol 13 7.2.1 Existing Euro 6 and CO2legislative roadmap . 13 7.2.2 Recommendations for new vehicle concepts . 13 7.2.3 Engine calibration potential . 14 7.2.4 Potential for new pollutants in legislation. 14 7.2.5 Impact on
12、vehicle and fuel system components 14 7.2.6 Higher consumption 15 7.3 Opportunities for an E10+ petrol . 15 7.3.1 Helping reduce pollutant emissions and CO2. 15 7.3.2 Current cars 16 7.4 High oxygenate fuel combustibility determination (RON/MON) for an E10+ petrol 16 7.4.1 RON-MON relationship . 16
13、7.4.2 RON-MON impact with higher oxygenates 19 7.4.3 RON-MON needs for higher oxygenate-containing fuels . 20 7.5 Driveability (volatility descriptors) for an E10+ petrol 20 7.5.1 General . 20 7.5.2 Vapour pressure . 20 7.5.3 Distillation 21 7.5.4 Other parameters/tests 21 7.6 Oxygenate compounds fo
14、r an E10+ petrol . 23 7.7 Other factors 23 7.8 Possible studies . 23 8 Refinery, blender and logistics 24 8.1 Scope of current and future constraints and opportunities . 24 8.2 Refining related matters 24 8.2.1 Ethanol . 24 8.2.2 Ethers (ETBE and MTBE) . 27 8.3 Blending ethanol and ethers 28 8.3.1 G
15、eneral . 28 8.3.2 Refinery blending of ethanol . 29 PD CEN/TR 16514:2013CEN/TR 16514:2013 (E) 3 8.3.3 Terminal blending of ethanol . 29 8.4 Distribution and service station issues . 29 8.4.1 Climatic conditions, seasonal grade management/changeover processes 29 8.4.2 Water handling . 29 8.4.3 Housek
16、eeping - Water management, tank draining, disposal of water drains and microbiological growth 31 8.4.4 Materials compatibility . 31 8.4.5 Vapour recovery systems 38 8.5 Logistics . 38 8.5.1 Transport of ethanol and oxygenate blends . 38 8.5.2 Co-mingling of different grades in terminals, service sta
17、tions and vehicles 39 8.5.3 Management of off-grade product . 39 8.5.4 Number of Mogas grades . 39 8.6 Safety and fire fighting measures 39 8.6.1 Safe handling 39 8.6.2 Surface spills and leaks . 39 8.6.3 Fire protection and fire-fighting agents for fires involving ethanol/petrol blends 39 8.6.4 Sto
18、rage . 40 8.6.5 Sources of ignition . 40 8.7 Regulatory requirements . 40 9 Test methods 41 9.1 Introduction 41 9.2 Current petrol fuel requirements . 41 9.2.1 General . 41 9.2.2 Sulfur 41 9.2.3 Manganese 42 9.2.4 Lead 42 9.2.5 RON/MON 43 9.2.6 Density 43 9.2.7 Oxidation stability 43 9.2.8 Gum 43 9.
19、2.9 Copper strip corrosion . 44 9.2.10 Hydrocarbons (olefins and aromatics) 44 9.2.11 Oxygen and oxygenates 44 9.2.12 Benzene 45 9.2.13 Vapour pressure . 45 9.2.14 Distillation . 46 9.2.15 Sampling . 46 9.3 Potential new petrol fuel requirements . 46 9.3.1 Sulfate . 46 9.3.2 Chlorides 46 9.3.3 Iron
20、46 9.3.4 Ash forming components 47 9.3.5 Silver strip corrosion . 47 9.3.6 High boiling components . 47 9.4 Summary . 47 10 Conclusions 49 11 Acknowledgement 50 Annex A (informative) Abbreviations . 51 Bibliography 54 PD CEN/TR 16514:2013CEN/TR 16514:2013 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16514:2
21、013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subj
22、ect of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16514:2013CEN/TR 16514:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report presents an overview and time plan for test methods and requirements that could be expected for future unlea
23、ded petrol and petrol blends in Europe. This means unleaded petrol with an ethanol/oxygenates level higher than allowed in the Fuels Quality Directive, Annex I 4, which is petrol containing up to 3,7 % (m/m) of oxygen, more familiarly known as E10. Specific issues that may apply for certain levels o
24、r types of oxygenates are highlighted where appropriate in the appropriate sections of this report. This report does not take into account all issues related to vehicles that are specially designed to run on a much wider range of oxygenate contents above E10+, for example up to E85. The report cover
25、s fuels and vehicle concepts for both E10+-capable (without engine efficiency gains) and E10+-optimised (with engine efficiency gains). NOTE 1 Following the large possible combinations and levels of oxygenates, the work focuses on unleaded petrol with a nominal ethanol content between 10 % (V/V) and
26、 25 % (V/V). Once the ethanol is higher than approximately 20 % to 25 % (depending on the vehicle) more engine and vehicle measures would likely be needed. NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction, , and the volume fraction,
27、, respectively. NOTE 3 Although EN 228 speaks about and defines “unleaded petrol”, the wording “petrol” is used throughout this document for the sake of readability. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable
28、 for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 228, Automotive fuels Unleaded petrol Requirements and test methods EN 14214, Liquid petroleum products Fatty acid
29、methyl esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating applications Requirements and test methods EN 15376, Automotive fuels Ethanol as a blending component for petrol Requirements and test methods 3 Summary This report provides an overview and time plan for test methods and requirements to be e
30、xpected for future unleaded petrol containing oxygenate levels higher than currently allowed in the Fuels Quality Directive (FQD).2,3,4 Before an E10+ petrol specification is developed in response to a legislative initiative, the following factors should be considered: a) need for more research to d
31、efine preferred and achievable specifications for an E10+ petrol blend; b) need for adequate time to implement vehicle and fuel options, after an E10+ standard has been defined; c) market introduction scenarios of the fuel supply and automotive industry, which general follow the steps: 1) introducti
32、on of capable cars, 2) build infrastructure for the availability of the fuels, and PD CEN/TR 16514:2013CEN/TR 16514:2013 (E) 6 3) introduce optimised vehicles d) need for EC funding to begin the necessary laboratory and vehicle testing. E10+ petrol may be introduced for future new engine designs if
33、benefits in regulated emissions, Tank-to-Wheels CO2and Well-to-Wheels CO2emission performance are demonstrated. These new designs could take advantage of the properties of an E10+ petrol to achieve these benefits, based on a higher oxygen content and a higher Octane Number (RON and MON). Because inc
34、reasingly stringent vehicle regulations limit the regulated pollutants that a motor vehicle may emit, a future E10+ petrol standard may also require new limits for inorganic chlorides, phosphorus, sulfates and ash content, for example, in order to enable the performance and durability of both the en
35、gine and aftertreatment system. To ensure this performance, the impact of oxygen content higher than 3,7 % (m/m) in petrol on regulated pollutants, CO2, vehicle driveability and pre-ignition and knock behaviour shall be studied in depth before an E10+ specification can be drafted. The manufacture, d
36、istribution and sale of petrol containing higher oxygenate levels pose certain constraints and opportunities which shall also be considered. When ethanol is used as the primary oxygenate, for example, it can introduce some specific challenges that shall be carefully addressed, e.g.: effect of ethano
37、l on vapour pressure, octane rating, distillation and related properties; tendency of ethanol to increase the dissolved water content of petrol; compatibility of materials in contact with both the liquid and vapour phases. To facilitate any eventual marketing of E10+ petrol, new regulatory requireme
38、nts should be agreed by the co-legislators in the European Parliament and the Council (on the basis of a Commission proposal) in consultation with industry stakeholders. Finally, each specified or limiting fuel property shall be measurable by one or more test methods which have been verified to prod
39、uce statistically relevant results at the expected levels of the property under investigation. In order to limit the scope regarding combinations and levels of oxygenates the focus for the test methods (Clause 9) is merely on petrol with a nominal ethanol content between 10 % (V/V) and 25 % (V/V). T
40、his focus is chosen as once the ethanol is higher than approximately 20 % to 25 % (depending on the vehicle) more engine and vehicle measures would likely be needed. This report discusses the likely applicability of current test methods for E10+ petrol and provides an estimate of the time and effort
41、 that would be required to verify applicability. Assuming that the FQD is amended with the legal parameters of an E10+ petrol, a nominal specification for E10+ petrol, based on sound technical data, will take several years to develop and evaluate. Following this work, about five some additional year
42、s would be required to develop and commercialise E10+ capable vehicles, followed by up to five years to commercialise E10+ optimised vehicles and refuelling infrastructure. The path to successful implementation of an E10+ petrol grade will therefore be complicated, requiring considerable research on
43、 vehicles and test methods and coordination amongst all industry stakeholders. EC funding may also be needed at an early stage to complement on-going stakeholder research and answer many of the technical questions that are related to E10+ petrol specifications and test methods. This report considers
44、 issues related to E10+ petrol in the following four areas: 1) external drivers; policies and market drivers and constraints, 2) engine and vehicle; constraints related to component compatibility, emission and fuel consumption (challenges and opportunities), plus consumer reliability, and the possib
45、ilities to overcome those, 3) refinery, blending and logistics; constraints related to crude feedstock, process control, blending capacity and fuel station capability, plus inherent safety, and anticipating those, PD CEN/TR 16514:2013CEN/TR 16514:2013 (E) 7 4) test methods; applicability of existing
46、 techniques and needs to verify such. Used abbreviations are presented in Annex A. 4 Context The European Union is promoting renewable energy use in Europe and could encourage the extension of automotive petrol blended with higher fractions of renewably-sourced ethyl alcohol (referred to in this doc
47、ument as ethanol) and/or other oxygenates. Additionally, the EU has put in place stringent tailpipe pollutant emission limits and CO2targets for new vehicles sold in the EU market. It is uncertain at this point how these targets will influence the development of the European fuels market beyond 2020
48、. Because vehicle performance and higher oxygenate levels shall be carefully assessed, harmonised fuel specifications are essential to ensure acceptable vehicle performance and durability in the market. The development of new fuels and vehicles is however a long and intensive process. At the CEN/TC
49、19 meeting in May 2011, a priority was placed on “E10+” petrol in order to be prepared for future market and legislative decisions. It was agreed that a detailed assessment of biofuels and blends in Europe over the coming decade was needed that should be prepared through a multi-stakeholder approach. To develop this longer-term vision, CEN/TC 19 agreed to work together as Industry and Stakeholder partners to complete this assessment and outline the possible constraints and advantages of a future E10+ petrol. Therefore CEN has combined efforts t
