1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16598:2014Collection of rationales for EN1176 RequirementsPD CEN/TR 16598:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR16598:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee SW/65,
2、 Childrens playground equipment.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution
3、 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 75581 1ICS 97.200.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Amendments issue
4、d since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16598:2014TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16598 February 2014 ICS 97.200.40 English Version Collection of rationales for EN 1176 - Requirements Recueil dexposs des motifs concernant lEN 1176 - Exigences Sammlung von grundst
5、zlichen berlegungen zur EN 1176 - Anforderungen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 30 September 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 136. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
6、Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDI
7、ZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16598:2014 EPD CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 1
8、6598:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Part 1 .6 5 Part 2 19 6 Part 3 22 7 Part 4 24 8 Part 5 27 9 Part 6 33 10 Part 7 37 11 Part 10 40 12 Part 11 44 Bibliography . 45 PD CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 3 Forewo
9、rd This document (CEN/TR 16598:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
10、of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 4 Introduction The intention of the safety standard for playground equipment was to avoid situations in which a child, due to his age or ability
11、 or stage of development, is unable to comprehend a risk. It was the intention to eliminate traps and risks from which severe harm could occur for the user. In consideration of this, the task group choose the form of a report in which the objective mentions repeatedly that the aim of the standard is
12、 always to protect the child from harm. It has become apparent that users of the standard have sometimes lost sight of this and were just considering dimensions, functionality or spaces and special equipment parts without regard for the safety aim. When considering the complexity of an equipment and
13、 the efforts to provide safety, these efforts should be proportionate to the incidents that take place in real life. Dimensions should not be taken as absolute as juristic and safety treatments are different in relation to the risk of a deviation from the standard. A large number of the objectives f
14、or the rationales are repeated. This is intentional as it reinforces the safety aim of the standard and prevents the misunderstanding of a rationale when taken in isolation. Working on the rationales for the single paragraphs, it became obvious for the task group that there where parts in the standa
15、rd which had been discussed very often and deeply (e.g. the damping qualities of surfaces, HIC) and there were other parts that had no or very little discussions (e.g. hard edges at the end of a falling space). Noticing this it was nearly self-evident to have an assessment / evaluation proposal for
16、all requirements: a) fundamental safety issues: 1) safety installations / regulations have to prevent situations that may cause the death of a user; 2) safety installations / regulations have to prevent situations that may lead to a loss of extremities of a user; 3) safety installations / regulation
17、s have to prevent situations that may cause a lifetime disability (blindness, paraplegia); 4) safety installations / regulations have to prevent situations in which a user is not able to free himself out of a trap; b) basic safety issues: 1) safety installations / regulations should prevent situatio
18、ns which overburden the user according to his age and prevent accidents like bone fractures, bruises, abrasions although these injuries happen in everyday life as well and are accepted by society as things that may happen to a human being; c) standard issues: 1) man-made playground equipment is nece
19、ssary because the city environments dont offer natural play facilities. Therefore, this kind of equipment is meant to advance the development of the child. As there are very different development levels during childhood it means that the equipment has to be engineered in such a tricky way that it su
20、pports the several stages of development and screens the different age groups. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 5 At least it should be mentioned that the requirements of the standard are just a concern about the effect of an equipment on the user. They do not consider the necessity and the
21、 social impact of a playground e.g. in areas where children have no natural resources with which they could play. The standard cannot account for the behaviour of children. The ideal is that children should use the play environment as a means of personal development. However, it is accepted that the
22、 behaviour of children cannot be controlled by a technical standard. The best way to deal with this is to adopt a Risk Assessment process, which will allow the behaviour of children to be considered as part of the inspection of the play environment. Risk Assessment has to take into account the compe
23、tence and ability of the potential users of the equipment and the foreseeable risks to those users. It is possible to allow greater challenge and opportunity in play equipment by controlling access to equipment, the control of access has to take in to account the abilities and skills of the user. Th
24、e standard lists some ways in which access can be controlled. It is not possible to control the way in which parents or carers may influence the use of play equipment, in particular if they allow, encourage or assist children to overcome controls on access imposed by the designer. The task group did
25、 not review the annexes of the different parts of the standard EN 1176; even though these contain wording that can be considered to be hidden requirements. Again, it turns out to be true that there is no overlapping with EN 71-8. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 6 1 Scope This Technical Rep
26、ort is intended to be read in conjunction with EN 1176. The rationales given in this Technical Report describe the main reasons behind the requirements given in EN 1176. The requirements in the standard are the tools (e.g. measures, testing methods etc.) by which the objectives are intended to be re
27、ached. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including an
28、y amendments) applies. EN 1176 (all parts), Playground equipment and surfacing 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 objective what is the intention of the clause in the standard 3.2 risk what might happen to the user if the objecti
29、ve is not achieved 3.3 rationale the reason for making this specific requirement Note 1 to entry: Often you will find rationales in the notes given in the requirements. This is mentioned in the document. 3.4 addendum additional comments as well as remarks 4 Part 1 4.1 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.2 Fl
30、ammability Objective To avoid burning particularly from those materials which produce flaming droplets of molten material which are difficult to extinguish. Risk In the event of a flash fire there is insufficient time to intervene and protect the user. The outcome of a fire may be death or disfigure
31、ment. Rationale The correct selection of materials to ideally prevent this occurring or allow escape from the equipment. 4.2 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.3 Timber and associated products Objective protect the user from harm as a result of unforeseen failure of equipment due to decay of wooden parts. P
32、D CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 7 a) wood is a natural material and will decay with time, sufficient attention shall be paid to its design; protection and maintenance to ensure that structures made of wood are safe especially between maintenance cycles; b) wood can splinter; c) hazards from
33、 species and treatment of wood. Risk a) unforeseen failure of equipment; b) puncture injuries, eye injuries; c) allergic reaction, it is considered unlikely that poisoning by ingestion will occur. Rationale a) following the requirements of the standard the possibility of failure of the equipment can
34、 be controlled within the maintenance intervals; b) and c) the selection of the wood type can reduce or eliminate this risk. Addendum wood as a natural material will crack as part of the drying process; this does not necessarily present a dangerous situation. 4.3 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.4 Metals
35、Objective protect the user from harm as a result of unforeseen failure of equipment due to corrosion of metal parts. Risk injury may occur due to unforeseen failure of metal components. Rationale a) metals, either as a structural component or as an auxiliary component, can corrode either due to atmo
36、spheric conditions or by electrochemical reaction; sufficient attention shall be paid to its design; protection and maintenance to ensure that structures made of metal are safe, especially between maintenance cycles; b) metals that produce toxic oxidation shall be coated. 4.4 Paragraph in Standard:
37、4.1.5 Synthetics Objective protect the user from harm as a result of unrecognized failure of equipment due to aging or breaking of synthetic materials. Risk reinforced materials can produce splinters and cuts; static supporting parts may break. Rationale use of coloured gelcoats to indicate wear and
38、 maintenance according to intervals given by the manufacturer can prevent the risk. 4.5 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.6 Dangerous substances Objective protect the user from harm as a result of being exposed to dangerous substances. Risk poisoning by skin contact; poisoning by mouth contact; chemical bu
39、rns. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 8 Rationale following the guidelines given in different standards can reduce the risk. 4.6 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.1 (Design and manufacture) General Objective protect the user groups from excessive demands. Risk false estimation of equipment use. Ra
40、tionale play always includes risks (see the introduction to the standard). The intended user shall be able to use the equipment according to his mental and physical stage of development without getting in trouble caused by the equipment. Remark the German translation does not completely correspond t
41、o the English original text. 4.7 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.2 Structural integrity Objective protect the user from harm as a result of breaking down of the used equipment. Risk severe injuries may occur if a play structure or parts of it collapse during use. Rationale equipment designed according to
42、 the methods described will be structurally suitable. There may be cases where experience or tradition will ensure the integrity of the equipment. Calculation has to be done under “worst case scenario”. More attention shall be given to single post equipment, as these constructions may fail more easi
43、ly than equipment based on more than two posts in a line. Corrosion or rotting can make the single post construction break under use. 4.8 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.3 Accessibility for adults Objective children in dangerous, distressed or panic situations should always have the possibility to get he
44、lp from grown ups. Risk children may become trapped or pass out. Rationale grown ups should be able to help children in dangerous or panic situations. Children should be able to leave an equipment safely when danger occurs. In case of fire help from grown ups and escaping should be possible. Leaving
45、 the equipment shall always be possible. 4.9 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.1 (Protection against falling) Types of protection Objective protect the user from falls in accordance with the competence of the user and the type and height of the equipment. Risk injuries from uncontrolled falls off the equ
46、ipment. Rationale falls are one of the main sources for severe injuries. Addendum There are equipment which are accessible for children of all ages (easily accessible - lower risk) and there are equipment which are difficult to access for young children (not easily accessible higher risk). PD CEN/TR
47、 16598:2014CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 9 4.10 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.2 Handrails Objective provide users with the means of maintaining balance while using the equipment. Risk injuries caused by falling due losing hold caused by losing balance. Rationale falls are one of the main sources for severe i
48、njuries. Offering a grasp position helps to keep balance. Addendum the difference between grip and grasp means: The grip position (closed fist) can support the body even when the user is in a hanging position, the grasp position (thumb not in contact with the other fingers) is more likely to secure
49、balance. 600 mm comes from the anthropometrical data (centre of gravity). 4.11 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.3 Guardrails Objective protect users form falling off lower platforms. Risk injuries caused by falling off the equipment; falling underneath or over a guardrail. Rationale falls are one of the main sources for severe injuries. Provide a range of dimensions in which guardrails reduce the risk from falling off not easily accessible lower platforms. 4.12 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.4 Barriers Objective protect users from falling off higher and/or easily accessible pla
