1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16676:2014Energy losses by industrialdoorPD CEN/TR 16676:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR16676:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/538/5, Industrial and
2、 commercial garage doors andgates.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Instituti
3、on 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 83958 0ICS 91.060.50Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2014.Amendments iss
4、ued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16676:2014TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16676 October 2014 ICS 91.060.50 English Version Energy losses by industrial door Perte dnergie par les portes industrielles Energieverluste durch Industrietore This Technical Rep
5、ort was approved by CEN on 28 July 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 33. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
6、 Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN
7、-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16676:2014 EPD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Nor
8、mative references 5 3 Simplified calculation basis 5 3.1 Heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference 5 3.2 Air leakage with closed door by wind .6 3.3 Air leakage with closed door by chimney .7 3.4 Infiltration with door open (by wind)8 4 Results . 10 4.1 General . 10 4.2 Local/metr
9、ological data 10 4.3 Building/doors data (dimensions). 11 4.4 Building data (intended use) . 11 5 Results for heat transmission . 13 6 Results for air leakage by wind . 13 7 Results for air leakage by chimney effect 14 8 Infiltration (open door) . 15 9 Summary 17 PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:201
10、4 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16676:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33 “Doors, windows, shutters, building hardware and curtain walling”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
11、the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 4 Introduction The calculation method in EN 12428 gives a U-value in W/m2 K for thermal resistance of an industrial door used for ac
12、cess of vehicles accompanied by pedestrians. With a view to energy efficiency (energy saving) it should be remembered, however, that this performance is only achieved when the door is closed. In practice the evidence shows that doors are left open for longer periods than is perhaps necessary or acce
13、ptable. Therefore, it is difficult to see how reducing U-values can improve energy efficiency without radical changes in work place practices or operation mode of the door. In keeping with the whole building approach mandated by the EPBD1)building designers should be working on a whole building prin
14、ciple rather than an elemental basis which results in a beneficial evaluation of those factors in the construction of the building envelope that contribute significantly to energy conservation in the buildings use. Therefore, it is important that building designers and specification writers should s
15、eek to: set achievable values for products calculated in accordance with EN 13241-1; consider awareness of the classification possibilities and the availability and need to implement appropriate technologies; consider specifying improved power operated doors specification including appropriate contr
16、ol systems; consider changes to supporting constructions (e.g. lobbies, screens); consider the use of double doors (e.g. insulated external doors, rapid acting internal doors for operational use). There is a common misconception that energy conservation is best achieved (only) through U-value improv
17、ements. Due to the nonlinear shape of the U-value/thickness graph there is a danger of achieving diminishing returns from additional thickness of doors. Up to the present time, for the U-values commonly specified for construction in the EU, there has been an approximately linear relationship but as
18、the move to seek lower U-values continues this is no longer the case. Concern has been expressed that much of this good work is wasted as long as the practice of leaving doors open for unnecessarily long periods prevails. Therefore, a study with a simplified calculation basis has been undertaken by
19、CEN/TC 33/WG 5 relating to the energy losses through doors. This Technical Report does not replace the requirements of EN 13241-1 regarding EN 12428. For the purpose of this Technical Report the term “door” and/or “doorset” is used as a general term for “industrial door”. 1) Energy Performance of Bu
20、ildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC). PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report gives simplified calculation relating to the energy losses through doors taking into account: heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference, air leakage through a closed
21、 door due to wind, air leakage through a closed door due to a chimney effect, and air infiltration with a door open (due to wind). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated ref
22、erences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12428, Industrial, commercial and garage doors - Thermal transmittance - Requirements for the calculation EN 13241-1, Industrial, commercial and garag
23、e doors and gates - Product standard - Part 1: Products without fire resistance or smoke control characteristics 3 Simplified calculation basis 3.1 Heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference Heat transmission coefficient U in W/m2 K is measured by notified bodies and calculated per
24、 door configuration (according to EN 13241-1). Outside temperature is taken out of Table 1. Heat transmission is then calculated with: )(oitTTUAH = where Htis the power losses by heat transmission, in watts (W); A is the area of exposed surface, in square metres (m2); Tiis the inside air temperature
25、, in Celsius (C); Tois the outside air temperature, in Celsius (C). Energy losses per year will be calculated with: 0001thtHChE= PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 6 where Etis the energy losses per year by heat transmission, in kilogram watts per hour (kWh); h is the time per day exposed to
26、T = (Ti To) (hours = heating hours); Chis the amount of heating days per year, meaning inside temperature above outside temperature. 3.2 Air leakage with closed door by wind Connection between pressure difference P (Pa(N/m2) and air leakage in m3/m2 hris measured by notified bodies and put in a grap
27、hic. Wind speed is taken out of Table 1. Wind pressure on door is calculated with: =221vP where P is the wind pressure, in newtons per square metre (N/m2); v is the wind speed, in metres per second (m/s); is the density of air, in 1,293 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3). With this wind pressure the
28、air leakage is taken out of Figure 1. Key X pressure difference P (Pa(N/m2) Y leakage in m3/m2 h Figure 1 Air leakage PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 7 Air volume flow by wind pressure is calculated with: 6003airleakagevAQ= where air leakage is in cubic metres/square metre hour (m3/m2 h);
29、Qvis the air volume flow by wind pressure, in cubic metres/second (m3/s). Power losses by air leakage is calculated with: ( )oivpvTTQCH = where Hvis the power losses by air leakage, in W; Cpis the specific heat capacity of air, in 1 007 J/kg K). Energy losses per year will be calculated with: 0001vw
30、hvHCChE= where Evis the energy losses per year by air leakage, in (kWh); Cwis corrected because of position of the door compared to wind direction. 3.3 Air leakage with closed door by chimney Connection between pressure difference P (Pain N/m2) and air leakage, in m3/m2 hrmeasured by notified body a
31、nd put in a graphic. Under pressure on inside of door because of chimney is calculated with: ( ) ( )3ooinph)273(81,9+=TTThhPwhere P is the chimney pressure, in newtons per square metre (N/m2): h is the height of interest (half of door height), in metres (m); hnphis the neutral pressure height in bui
32、lding ( half of inside building height), in metres (m). With this chimney pressure the leakage is taken out of Figure 1. Air volume flow by chimney is calculated with: PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 8 6003airleakagevAQ= where Qvis the air volume flow by chimney, in m3/s. Power losses by c
33、himney is calculated with: ( )oivpvTTQCH = where Hvis the power losses by chimney, in W. Energy losses per year will be calculated with: 0001vhvHChE= where Evis the energy losses per year by chimney, in kWh. 3.4 Infiltration with door open (by wind) Wind speed is taken out of Figure 2. Air volume fl
34、ow by infiltration is calculated with: CAvQ =iwhere Qiis the air volume flow by infiltration, in m3/s; C is the coefficient between 0,5 1 depending on building conditions. Building without air leakage C = 0,5. Air turbulence, which will affect this figure is not taken into consideration for this cal
35、culation method. By a total open building C = 1. The effect of building air leakage compared to the air flow through an open door is neglectable and is not taken into consideration for this calculation method. Total power flow out of the building is calculated with: ( )oiipbTTQCH = where Hbis the to
36、tal power flow out of the building, in W. PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 9 Time needed to release the power out of the building is calculated with: ibQVt = where tbis the time needed to release the power out of the building, in s; V is the volume of the building, in m3. Building heater ca
37、pacity is calculated with: VFH =hhwhere Hhis the building heater capacity, in W; Fhis the heater factor for industrial buildings, in W/m3. The heater will be activated when the building temperature is decreased by 1 C. Time needed to activate the heater is calculated with: btHHHt =b1bbhwhere Hb-1is
38、the total power (capacity) in the building by Ti-1C. o1ioi1bbTTTTHH=according to Figure 1 btHTTTTHHt =)()(boio1ibbhboio1ih)(1( tTTTTT =where this the time needed to activate the heater, in s. Energy losses by infiltration is calculated with: Ei= Eb+Eh( ) ( )( )6003whhchbbiCCnttHtHE+= where PD CEN/TR
39、 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 10 tb tcthan tb= tcand Hh Hbthan Hh= HbE is the amount of energy released out of the building, in kWh; Ehis the amount of heater energy losses, in kWh; Eiis the energy losses by infiltration, in kWh; tcis the door cycle time, in s; n are the door cycles per day. Key
40、X time, in s Y capacity, in kW Figure 2 Infiltration (open door) 4 Results 4.1 General To get an overview of the relationship between the different energy losses, a case has been calculated (simplified calculation) with the following values: 4.2 Local/metrological data2)a) Building/door located in P
41、aris, see Table 1; b) door direction west-southwest, see Figure 3; 2) Internet based metrological average values. PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 11 c) average air temperature in heating season To= 10 C; d) average wind speed in heating season 5,0 m/s; e) correction due to position of door
42、 Cw= 34,7 %, see Table 2; f) heating days Ch= 243 days. 4.3 Building/doors data (dimensions) a) Building height 8 m; b) volume V of the building 1 600 m3, 8 000 m3and 16 000 m3; c) door sizes 1) 3 m 3 m, 2) 4 m 4 m; d) door U-value = 1,5 W/m2 K; e) air permeability Class 2 (12 m3/m2 h); f) heater ca
43、pacity to calculation with 20 W/m3. 4.4 Building data (intended use) a) Temperature inside building Ti= 18 C; b) time door open per cycle tc= 5 min; c) door cycles per year n = 1 000; d) working days per week = 5. Table 1 Metrological information of Paris (wind direction, speed, temperature) Stats b
44、ased on observations take between 7/20022/2009 daily from 7 am to 7 pm local time Month of year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 112 Average air temp. (C) 6 6 9 13 17 21 22 21 18 14 9 6 14 Dominant wind direction ssw wsw wsw nne ene nne w wnw nne ssw ssw
45、 ssw Wind probability = 4 Beaufort (%) 39 34 47 32 34 22 31 27 28 32 28 36 33 Average wind speed in kts 11 10 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 in m/s 5,7 5,1 5,7 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 5,1 5,0 PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 12 Figure 3 Metrological information of Paris (wind rose diagram
46、) Table 2 Correction due to position of door West-South-West % of direction % correction % of cor. direction North N 4 0 0 North-North-East NNE 9 0 0 North-East NE 6 0 0 East-North-East ENE 6 0 0 East E 4 0 0 East-South-East ESE 4 0 0 South-East SE 3 0 0 South-South-East SSE 4 0 0 South S 6 38,2 2,2
47、9 South-South-West SSW 6 70,7 4,24 South-West SW 6 97,6 5,86 West-South-West WSW 9 100 9 West W 7 97,6 6,83 West-North-West WNW 7 70,7 4,95 North-West NW 4 38,2 1,53 North-North-West NNW 5 0 0 90 34,7 PD CEN/TR 16676:2014CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 13 5 Results for heat transmission U = 1,5 W/m2 K; Averag
48、e air temperature for Paris in heating season is To= 10 C; ( ) )1018(5,1oit= ATTUAH where A = 3 m 3 m industrial doorset; Ht= 108 W; A = 4 m 4 m industrial doorset; Ht= 192 W. 000124375240001tthtHHChE= where A = 3 m 3 m industrial doorset; Et= 450 kWh; A = 4 m 4 m industrial doorset; Et= 800 kWh. 6
49、Results for air leakage by wind Relation between pressure difference and air leakage of a class 2 door (see Figure 1) Average wind speed in heating season v = 5 m/s 22 212111,293 5 16,2 N/m22Pv= = = Calculation with an air leakage of 6,8 m3/m2 hr60038,66003airleakagevAAQ= ( ) 8293,10071voivpv= QTTQCH where A = 3 m 3 m industrial do
