1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 16788:2014Characterization of sludges Guideline of good practice forthermal processesPD CEN/TR 16788:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR16788:2014. It supersedes PD CEN/TR 13767:2004 and PD CEN/TR13768:
2、2004 which are withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/5, Sludge characterization.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions
3、 of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 87337 9ICS 13.030.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published und
4、er the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16788:2014TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16788 November 2014 ICS 13.030.20 Supersedes CEN/TR 13767:2004, CEN/TR 13768:2004E
5、nglish Version Characterization of sludges - Guideline of good practice for thermal processes Caractrisation des boues - Lignes directrices relatives aux bonnes pratiques pour les procds thermiques Charakterisierung von Schlmmen - Anleitung fr die gute fachliche Praxis thermischer Prozesse This Tech
6、nical Report was approved by CEN on 25 November 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Ge
7、rmany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE
8、FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16788:2014 EPD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4 Introduction .5 1
9、 Scope 8 2 Normative references 8 3 Terms and definitions .8 4 Abbreviations .9 5 Regulatory aspects . 10 6 Sludge properties . 11 6.1 General . 11 6.2 Physico-chemical characteristics . 11 6.2.1 General . 11 6.2.2 Dry matter 11 6.2.3 Loss on ignition 12 6.2.4 Calorific value . 12 6.2.5 Grease, scum
10、 and screening . 13 6.2.6 Physical consistency and others 13 6.3 Chemical characteristics . 13 6.3.1 General . 13 6.3.2 Sulphur 14 6.3.3 Phosphorus . 14 6.3.4 Nitrogen . 14 6.3.5 Chlorine and other halogen . 14 6.3.6 Organic micro pollutants . 14 6.3.7 Trace elements 15 7 Thermal processes fundament
11、als. 15 7.1 Incineration 15 7.2 Gasification . 16 7.3 Pyrolysis 17 7.4 Wet (air) oxidation. 17 7.5 Others 18 8 Equipment . 18 8.1 Incineration devices . 18 8.1.1 General . 18 8.1.2 Fluidized Bed Furnace (FBF) . 20 8.1.3 Multiple Hearth Furnace (MHF) 22 8.1.4 Combination of FBF and MHF . 22 8.1.5 Oth
12、ers 22 8.2 Gasification devices . 23 8.3 Pyrolysis Devices . 25 8.4 Wet air oxidation devices . 26 8.5 Design aspects 26 8.6 Auxiliary equipment . 27 8.6.1 General . 27 8.6.2 Transport, receiving area, storage and feeding systems . 27 8.6.3 Heat recovery 27 8.6.4 Flue gas cleaning 28 8.6.5 Ash and o
13、ther residue handling 28 8.6.6 Wastewater treatment 28 8.6.7 Process monitoring 29 PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 3 9 Operational aspects 29 9.1 General . 29 9.2 Incineration 30 9.2.1 General . 30 9.2.2 Fluidized Bed Furnace (FBF) 30 9.2.3 Multiple Hearth Furnace (MHF) 32 9.3 Technologies
14、 without operational background in sewage sludge: Gasification/ Pyrolysis . 33 9.3.1 General . 33 9.3.2 Hazards . 33 10 Management of energy and material products. 33 10.1 General . 33 10.2 Incineration 33 10.3 Gasification / Pyrolysis . 35 10.4 Resume 10.1 through 10.3 37 10.5 Wet Oxidation 37 11 M
15、anagement of residues 37 11.1 General . 37 11.2 Flue Gas 37 11.2.1 Composition/parameters 37 11.2.2 Equipment 39 11.3 Ashes 42 11.3.1 Composition/Parameters 42 11.3.2 Equipment 42 11.4 Wastewater . 42 12 Economic aspects . 43 13 Co-management with other organic wastes . 43 13.1 General . 43 13.2 Spe
16、cific considerations 44 13.3 Additional storage and transports aspects 49 13.3.1 General . 49 13.3.2 Storage . 49 13.3.3 Transport 50 14 Assessment of impacts 50 14.1 General . 50 14.2 Environmental aspects . 51 14.3 Economic aspects . 51 14.4 Social aspects 51 Annex A (informative) Emission limit v
17、alues . 53 Annex B (normative) Calorific Value calculations . 55 Annex C (informative) Tables. 57 Annex D (normative) Various systems to input sludge into a household waste incineration plant 59 D.1 General . 59 D.2 Sludge whose dry matter content 65 % . 59 D.4 Sludge whose dry matter content betwee
18、n 35 % to 65 % . 60 D.5 Drying the sludge in the household waste incineration plant 60 Bibliography 61 PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16788:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 308 “Characterization of sludge”, the secretariat of which is
19、held by AFNOR. This document supersedes CEN/TR 13767:2004 and CEN/TR 13768:2004. PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 5 Introduction It is recognized that wastewater sludge is a potential source of valuable resources. Material recycling is higher in the waste hierarchy (ref. 2008/98/EC Directiv
20、e) than recovery (energy and material). Sludge incineration and other organic matter treatments by thermal processes (gasification, pyrolysis and wet oxidation) should deal with materials which do not meet beneficial use requirements. They represent a consistent year round solution. To decide which
21、type of solution is appropriate for a particular sludge, Figure 1 should be consulted. Thermal processes involve, among others, reduction of volume and weight, highest destruction of toxic organic compounds, possible recovery of phosphorus and other useful materials. Drawbacks include high costs and
22、 complexity of plant operation. In all cases, the energy balance (including energy for removing water etc.) and carbon footprint of the processes should be calculated to verify the environmental benefit of the process. A good performance of a thermal processing plant also depends upon the provision
23、of proper auxiliary equipment and devices, which include receiving and storage systems, pre-treatments equipment, feeding system, flue gas cleaning, heat recovery, ash handling, wastewater disposal and process monitoring. The purpose of this Technical Report is to describe good practice for sludge i
24、ncineration and other organic matter treatments by thermal processes in order to ensure a safe and economical operation. The main goals are to: describe the principal design parameters relevant to different process schemes; assess the operating procedures able to perform optimal energy balance, emis
25、sions control and equipment durability; provide the responsible authorities with well-established and easily applicable protocols for control purposes; promote the diffusion of good practice; contribute to taking appropriate decisions. Priority should be given to reduction of pollutants at the origi
26、n and to recover, if technically and economically feasible, valuable substances (e.g. phosphorus) from sludge and derived products. As part of a process and company quality approach, the relevant issues are therefore: exploiting the operating data and the statutory inspections carried out; rendering
27、 the process reliable, optimizing and of perpetuating it, as well as guaranteeing a permanent development; maintaining a climate of confidence between the authorities, the sludge producers, the transporters, the incineration plant and waste disposal site operators and allowing the services to be pro
28、vided on a contractual basis. The local considerations to be taken into account are: the adoption of a more convenient solution with respect to other options; the geographical context, the client population and therefore the potential input material as well as the expected developments; PD CEN/TR 16
29、788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 6 the proximity of the sewage treatment plant and the local transportation network; the capacity of treatment plants. All of the recommendations of this document constitute a framework within which the thermal processes can be proposed in addition to and/or as a substit
30、ution for land utilization, landfilling when allowed, or any other process when relevant situations occur and appropriate conditions are met. The management of sludges both upstream and downstream of the treatment process to ensure that it is suitable for the outlets available is outlined in CEN/TS
31、13714:2013. PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 7 Figure 1 A basic scheme for deciding on sewage sludge use/disposal options and the relevant CEN/TC 308 guidance documents PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 8 1 Scope This Technical Report describes good practice for the incineration and
32、 other organic matter treatment by thermal processes of sludges. Thermal drying, thermal conditioning and thermal hydrolysis are excluded. This Technical Report is applicable for sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 specifically derived from: storm water handling; night soil; urban wastewate
33、r collecting systems; urban wastewater treatment plants; treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EEC); but excluding hazardous sludges from industry. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, t
34、he following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 thermal treatment reduction of organic matter by incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and wet air oxidation 3.2 thermal process technique for the application of thermal treatment 3.3 combined thermal treatment thermal treatment of sludge and other waste
35、 in the same device 3.4 pyrolysis thermal treatment without supply of oxygen 3.5 gasification thermal treatment with less than the stoichiometric supply of oxygen or air (partial combustion) 3.6 furnace enclosed chamber where combustion of organic matter takes place PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:
36、2014 (E) 9 3.7 boiler specific part of the thermal treatment plant where heat exchange takes place in view of recovering heat and energy 3.8 flue gas treatment any physical or chemical process aimed at cleaning the gas emission resulting from the thermal treatment with the regard to their discharge
37、into the atmosphere 3.9 bottom ash combustion residue collected at the bottom of combustion furnaces 3.10 fly ash solid material that is entrained in a flue gas stream 3.11 energy recovery activity to use combustible waste as a means to generate energy through thermal treatment with recovery of heat
38、 3.12 recycling activity in a production process to process waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes, excluding energy recovery 3.13 slag partially glassy by-product obtained by cooling a mineral liquid phase 3.14 energy efficiency amount of energy and/or heat recovery in relat
39、ion to the energy content of input material 3.15 wet air oxidation aqueous-phase oxidation of organics under pressure, using either air or oxygen as the oxidant 3.16 syngas mixture of gases (including carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, etc.) produced from gasification or pyrolysis process 3.17 char
40、 combination of non-combustible materials and carbon produced from devolatization, gasification or pyrolysis process 3.18 combustion chemical and exothermical reaction with full oxidation of combustible materials 4 Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply. P
41、D CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 10 BAT Best Available Techniques COD Chemical oxygen demand DM Dry Matter ELV Emission Limit Values GCV Greater (or gross) Calorific Value HTFB High Temperature Fluidized Bed LCV Lower (or net) Calorific Value LOI Loss On Ignition LPO Low pressure oxidation M
42、HF Multiple Hearth Furnace MHV Medium heating value MSW Municipal solid waste NOx Nitrogen oxides PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls PCDD Polychlorodibenzodioxins PCDF Polychlorodibenzofurans RKF Rotary Kiln Furnace SCR Selective catalytic reduction SNCR Selective non
43、-catalytic reduction TOC Total organic carbon UDG Up-draught or Counter-current gasifier WWTP Wastewater treatment plant 5 Regulatory aspects European regulations on thermal treatment of waste have been merged in Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions. This text merges seven previous European
44、directives concerning the main industrial sectors and especially the directives on the incineration of wastes (Directive 2000/76/CE) and on integrated pollution prevention and control (Directive 2008/1/CE). For the European regulation, an incineration plant is dedicated to the thermal treatment of w
45、astes with or without recovery of the combustion heat generated. This includes the incineration by oxidation of waste as well as other thermal treatment processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or plasma processes in so far as the substances resulting from the treatment are subsequently incinerated
46、 (this is not applicable if the gases resulting from the thermal treatment of waste (pyrolysis or gasification) are purified to such extent that they are no longer a waste and they cause emission no higher than those resulting from the burning of natural gas). Incineration plant shall operate with a
47、 permit including provisions related to operating condition and emission limit values. Best Available Techniques shall be considered for all stages of the life cycle of the thermal treatment plant: conception, operation and closure. Some of the operating conditions are, among others the following: a
48、 level of incineration, such that the slag and bottom ashes TOC content, shall be less than 3 % or their loss on ignition less than 5 % of the dry weight of the material shall be achieved; PD CEN/TR 16788:2014CEN/TR 16788:2014 (E) 11 the gas resulting from the process shall reach, after the last inj
49、ection of combustion air, in a controlled and homogeneous fashion and even under the most unfavourable conditions, the temperature of 850 C. If hazardous waste with a content of more than 1 % of halogenated organic substances is incinerated the temperature shall be at least 1 100 C. These temperatures shall be measured near the inner wall or at another representative point of the combustion chamber as authorized by the competent authority and kept for 2 s; an automatic system to prevent waste feed shall be operated when temperatures are
