1、Petroleum and related products Fast pyrolysis bio-oils for stationary internal combustion engines Quality determinationPD CEN/TR 17103:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 17103 May 2017 ICS
2、 75.160.40 English Version Petroleum and related products - Fast pyrolysis bio-oils for stationary internal combustion engines - Quality determination Ptrol et produits rlatives - Huiles biologique de pyrolyse rapide pour application en moteurs stations avec combustion interne - Dsignation de qualit
3、 Pyrolyseprodukte - Schnell Pyrolyse-Bio-le fr stationre Verbrennungsmaschinen - Qualittsbezeichnung This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 11 April 2017. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cro
4、atia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tur
5、key and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
6、Ref. No. CEN/TR 17103:2017 ENational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 17103:2017.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/2, Liquid Fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its
7、secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 96887 7ICS 75.160.40Compliance with a British Standard ca
8、nnot confer immunity from legal obligations. This document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 17103:2017TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECH
9、NISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 17103 May 2017 ICS 75.160.40 English Version Petroleum and related products - Fast pyrolysis bio-oils for stationary internal combustion engines - Quality determination Ptrol et produits rlatives - Huiles biologique de pyrolyse rapide pour application en moteurs stations avec
10、combustion interne - Dsignation de qualit Pyrolyseprodukte - Schnell Pyrolyse-Bio-le fr stationre Verbrennungsmaschinen - Qualittsbezeichnung This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 11 April 2017. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19. CEN members are the national standards
11、bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia,
12、Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means rese
13、rved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 17103:2017 EPD CEN/TR 17103:2017CEN/TR 17103:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Sampling and sample handling 7 5 Requirements and test methods 8 5.1 Ge
14、neral 8 5.2 FPBO properties affecting internal combustion engines 9 5.2.1 Water content . 9 5.2.2 Net calorific value . 9 5.2.3 pH . 10 5.2.4 Viscosity . 10 5.2.5 Density . 10 5.2.6 Pour point . 10 5.2.7 Nitrogen content . 10 5.2.8 Sulfur 10 5.2.9 Solids . 10 5.2.10 Ash content . 10 5.2.11 Flash poi
15、nt 11 5.2.12 Alkali and alkali earth metals 11 5.2.13 Chlorine . 11 5.2.14 Cetane number 11 5.2.15 Additives 11 5.3 Proposed general requirements for stationary internal combustion engines 11 6 Plan to upgrade this Technical Report to Technical Specification . 13 Annex A (informative) Storage of fas
16、t pyrolysis bio-oil 14 Annex B (normative) Compatible materials 15 Annex C (informative) Cetane number 16 Annex D (normative) Information on test method procedures . 18 Bibliography . 20 PD CEN/TR 17103:2017CEN/TR 17103:2017 (E) 3 European foreword This document (CEN/TR 17103:2017) has been prepared
17、 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights.
18、CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate 1 given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. PD CEN/TR 17103:2017CEN/TR 17103:2017 (E) 4 Introduction The European Union is promoting
19、 the use of renewable energy. Liquid biofuels have rarely been used for CHP applications with the exception of vegetable oils which in some cases have been used in combined heat and power (CHP) applications and several boiler manufacturers promote its use. However, given the demand for biodiesel for
20、 the transport sector little uptake has been reported for biodiesel in the CHP sector. Hence the European Commission (EC) requested CEN to develop a Technical Specification for a quality specification for pyrolysis oil replacing fuel oils in stationary internal combustion engines 1. Fast pyrolysis b
21、io-oils (FPBO) or fast pyrolysis liquids are completely different from conventional fossil fuels both in their physical properties and chemical composition. They are brownish liquids with a distinct and smoky odour. They can be produced from woody biomass 3 and agrobiomass (herbaceous 3) and there i
22、s a wide range of reactor types suitable for fast pyrolysis bio-oil production. Contrary to fossil fuels, they are highly polar, mainly water-soluble containing typically about 25 % (m/m) (on wet basis) water, are acidic in nature, dense, and viscous liquids, very poorly or not miscible with hydroca
23、rbons 4. CEN adopted work item 00019499 for the requested work and installed CEN/TC 19/WG 41 Pyrolysis oil to develop the CEN Technical Specification. During its work the group encountered the following: FPBO is not yet commercialized for stationary internal combustion engines (ICE) and there is nei
24、ther enough data on the properties for FPBO for ICE use and parameters to determine combustion properties are not fully understood. Also the long-duration tests in ICE have not yet been carried out. WG 41 performed an enquiry within the leading engine manufacturers to collect data and proposals for
25、threshold values. Most of the manufacturers did not have experience with FPBO. Several comments made by the manufacturers was that further research and development work was required on several issues (e.g. type of fuel injection system, chemical resistance, effect of solids/char content of bio-oil o
26、n erosion/corrosion at fuel nozzles, and ignition properties). There are several important properties (e.g. combustion properties, flash point and chlorine) that should be incorporated as grade criteria, but no established test methods for fast pyrolysis bio-oil are available. Research and developme
27、nt is needed to develop these methods to be used for specification of FPBO for ICE. WG 41 thus proposed to CEN/TC 19 to draft a Technical Report (TR) instead of a Technical Specification, which was approved 2 and thereafter adopted by the CEN/BT and accepted by the EC. This document is laying down t
28、he outcome of the study and the quality that so far has been found acceptable for ICE. Further investigations and market application should be continued in order to decide to eventually revise this document into a deliverable originally requested by the EC. PD CEN/TR 17103:2017CEN/TR 17103:2017 (E)
29、5 1 Scope This Technical Report describes the key properties of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and their importance to the fuel quality for use in stationary internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engine (ICE) in the scope of this document means a type of engine in which heat energy and mechanica
30、l energy is produced inside the engine. ICE include compression ignition engines (diesel engines) and gas turbines. Attention is drawn to differences especially in those properties, which can have an effect on the required engine performance, such as ash, acidity, viscosity, combustion properties, a
31、nd sulfur content. In addition to the quality requirements and related test methods for FPBO, further instructions on storage (Annex A), sampling (Clause 4), and materials compatibility (Annex B) are given. NOTE For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to
32、 represent the mass fraction () and the volume fraction () of a material, respectively. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. Fo
33、r undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 16476, Liquid petroleum products - Determination of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper and Zinc contents in diesel fuel - Method via Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spec
34、trometry (ICP OES) EN 16900:2017, Fast pyrolysis bio-oils for industrial boilers - Requirements and test methods EN ISO 2719, Determination of flash point - Pensky-Martens closed cup method (ISO 2719) EN ISO 3104, Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic visco
35、sity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104) EN ISO 3170:2004, Petroleum liquids - Manual sampling (ISO 3170:2004) EN ISO 6245, Petroleum products - Determination of ash (ISO 6245) EN ISO 8754, Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content - Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectr
36、ometry (ISO 8754) EN ISO 9038, Determination of sustained combustibility of liquids (ISO 9038) EN ISO 12185, Crude petroleum and petroleum products - Determination of density - Oscillating U-tube method (ISO 12185) EN ISO 20846, Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuel
37、s - Ultraviolet fluorescence method (ISO 20846) ISO 3016, Petroleum products Determination of pour point ASTM D93, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester ASTM D4294, Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluo
38、rescence Spectrometry PD CEN/TR 17103:2017CEN/TR 17103:2017 (E) 6 ASTM D5291, Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants ASTM D5453, Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ig
39、nition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence ASTM D7579, Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol ASTM E70, Standard Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the Glass Electrode ASTM E203, Sta
40、ndard Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration DIN 51900-1:2000, Testing of solid and liquid fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of net calorific value Part 1: Principles, apparatus, methods DIN 51900-3, Testing of solid and liqui
41、d fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of net calorific value Part 3: Method using adiabatic jacket 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 agrobiomass biomass obtained from energy crops
42、 and/or agricultural by-products (agricultural residues) SOURCE: FAO unified bioenergy terminology UBET; modified 3.2 fast pyrolysis thermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass at short hot vapour residence time (typically less than 5 s) typically at between 450 C600 C and at near atmospheric press
43、ure or below, in the absence of oxygen, using small (typically less than 5 mm) dry (typically less than 10 % (m/m) water) biomass particles Note 1 to entry: Under REACH it is defined as “lignocellulosic biomass, at short hot vapour residence time (typically less than about 10 s) typically at between
44、 (450-600) C at near atmospheric pressure or below, in the absence of oxygen”. 3.3 fast pyrolysis bio-oil FPBO liquid produced by fast pyrolysis from biomass Note 1 to entry: The typical yield of bio-oil is 60 % (m/m) - 75 % (m/m) on wet basis (energy basis) and 55 % (m/m) 65 % (m/m) of organic matt
45、er. Other products are char and non-condensable gases. PD CEN/TR 17103:2017CEN/TR 17103:2017 (E) 7 3.4 solids solid particles which are not soluble in methanol-dichloromethane (1:1), possibly containing inorganic elements including sand, char, and additional insoluble organic material Note 1 to entr
46、y: The solids will in time settle to the bottom or raise up to the surface depending on their density and the fast pyrolysis bio-oil composition. 3.5 stability situation in which physicochemical properties remain unchanged during handling and storage Note 1 to entry: FPBOs are not chemically or ther
47、mally as stable as conventional petroleum fuels due to the high content of reactive oxygen containing compounds and low-boiling volatiles. The instability of FPBOs can be observed via an increase in viscosity (“aging”) and possible phase-separation by time and temperature. A stability test based on
48、viscosity increase at 80 C in 24 h may be used to predict if the bio-oil will stand for a years storage at room temperature without phase-separation 4. Note 2 to entry: Physico-chemical properties remain unchanged during handling and storage at a temperature close to 20 C (storage stability) for a l
49、ong time (i.e. a few months) or when heated at moderate temperature, i.e. lower than 100 C, for a short time, i.e. less than one day 23. 4 Sampling and sample handling It is strongly advised to review all intended test methods prior to sampling to understand the importance of sampling technique, and special handling requirements for fast pyrolysis bio-oils. Samples shall be taken as described in EN ISO 3170 and/or in accordance with the requirements of national standards or regulations for the sampling of
