1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TS 14417:2014Geosynthetic barriers Test method for thedetermination of the influenceof wetting-drying cycleson the permeability of claygeosynthetic barriersPD CEN/TS 14417:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/
2、TS 14417:2014. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 14417:2005 which iswithdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/553, Geotextiles and geomembranes.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does n
3、ot purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 85549 8ICS 59.080.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obli
4、gations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TS 14417:2014TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 14417 October 201
5、4 ICS 59.080.70 Supersedes CEN/TS 14417:2005English Version Geosynthetic barriers - Test method for the determination of the influence of wetting-drying cycles on the permeability of clay geosynthetic barriers Gosynthtiques bentonitiques - Mthode dessai pour la dtermination de linfluence de cycles h
6、umidification/dessiccation sur la permabilit des gosynthtiques bentonitiques Geosynthetische Dichtungsbahnen - Prfverfahren zur Bestimmung des Einflusses von Nass-Trocken-Zyklen auf die Wasserdurchlssigkeit von geosynthetischen Tondichtungsbahnen This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by
7、 CEN on 21 July 2014 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN m
8、embers are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about t
9、he possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvi
10、a, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marni
11、x 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 14417:2014 EPD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definiti
12、ons .5 4 Principle 5 5 Apparatus .5 6 Reagent .6 7 Procedure .6 7.1 Specimen preparation .6 7.2 Specimen hydration 6 7.3 Specimen drying 7 7.4 Specimen cooling 7 7.5 Repetition .7 7.6 Preparation of specimen for flux testing .7 8 Calculation and expression of results .8 8.1 Recording of data 8 8.2 C
13、alculation and expression of results .8 9 Test report 8 PD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 14417:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189 “Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
14、 of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 14417:2005. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations o
15、f the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta
16、, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. PD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 4 Introduction This Technical Specification defines a method for testing the influence ratio of wetting-drying cycles on the flux
17、 through clay geosynthetic barriers. Such resistance is a requirement for many uses of these products. The influence ratio is an indication of the behaviour of the product when exposed to repeated wetting and drying cycles in earth constructions. The flux of saturated clay geosynthetic barriers may
18、increase after exposure to repeated wetting-drying cycles. The Technical Specification does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to comply wit
19、h any regulations or legislation regardless of the wording in the technical specification. The flux determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of clay geosynthetic barriers. This test determines the influence of wetting-drying cycles in the absenc
20、e of any other phenomenon, for example cation exchange. PD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification describes an index test to determine the influence ratio of wetting-drying cycles on the flux through saturated clay geosynthetic barrier specimens. This test meth
21、od is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
22、 references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 16416, Geosynthetic clay barriers Determination of water flux index Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test methods (ISO
23、 3696) EN ISO 10320, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products Identification on site (ISO 10320) ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing Specifications 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following term and definition applies. 3.1 influence ratio r
24、atio of the flux of a specimen exposed to wetting-drying cycles to that of the flux through an unexposed reference specimen, expressed in percent 4 Principle The flux through 100 mm diameter clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens is determined with a flexible wall permeameter both on a specimen
25、 exposed to wetting-drying cycles and on an unexposed reference specimen. A specimen either square with an edge length not less than 200 mm or circular with a diameter not less than 200 mm to a tolerance of 0,5 % is saturated under a pressure of (4 0,2) kPa for 48 h at constant room temperature. Aft
26、er saturation, the sample is dried under a pressure of (4 0,2) kPa in an oven at 110 C for 24 h. After the drying period the sample is allowed to cool to room temperature under a pressure of (4 0,2) kPa for a minimum of 24 h. This wetting-drying cycle is performed four times before cutting the test
27、specimen. Test this specimen and the unexposed reference specimen in accordance with EN 16416. 5 Apparatus The apparatus shall consist of the following: a template of known dimensions to a tolerance of 0,5 % either square with an edge length not less than 200 mm or circular with a diameter not less
28、than 200 mm, a waterproof box large enough to accommodate the specimen, PD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 6 a rigid chemically inert pressure plate of the same dimensions as the specimen, and not less than 10 mm thick, sufficient weights to exert a pressure of (4 0,2) kPa on the specimen (al
29、lowing for the weight of the pressure plate), a mechanically bonded nonwoven geotextile with a mass per unit area of (250 50) g/m2. 6 Reagent De-ionized water in accordance with EN ISO 3696, grade 3. 7 Procedure 7.1 Specimen preparation Inspect the bulk clay geosynthetic barrier specimen to be teste
30、d and record any disturbance, irregularity or damage. Choose two representative sections of the specimen for testing, one for the reference specimen and one for the test specimen to be submitted to the wetting-drying cycles. Place the template on the selected section. Cut the specimens to the exact
31、size of the template with a sharp knife or any other suitable instrument. Remove the specimens carefully to avoid loss of bentonite. The specimen size may be limited by safety restrictions on the total mass of the weights where these are to be transported manually. Seal the edges of the clay geosynt
32、hetic barrier specimens with waterproof tape or self-adhesive aluminium foil to prevent bentonite loss during further handling. 7.2 Specimen hydration Fill a waterproof box with de-ionized water. Place a piece of mechanically bonded nonwoven geotextile with a mass per unit area of (250 50) g/m2on th
33、e bottom of the box and manually remove any air bubbles. Place the GBR-C sample on the nonwoven and then put a further piece of similar nonwoven geotextile on top of the GBR-C and manually remove any air bubbles. Place a pressure plate on the “sandwich” of specimens. Place weights on the pressure pl
34、ate to obtain a required pressure of (4 0,2) kPa. PD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 7 Key 1 dead load 2 pressure plate 3 GBR-C sample 4 mechanically bonded nonwoven geotextile 5 waterproof box Figure 1 GBR-C hydration setup NOTE The use of drainage mats instead of nonwoven geotextile results
35、 in unevenness in the surface of GBR-Cs. This could lead to incorrect measurements. Add de-ionized water to the box so that the water level is not above the top of the pressure plate. In order to maintain the GBR-C specimen submerged, add de-ionized water at the rate at which it is absorbed by the G
36、BR-C specimen. Keep the specimen submerged at room temperature and at a pressure of (4 0,2) kPa. 7.3 Specimen drying After 48 h, remove the excess water from the box. Preheat the oven to (110 5) C. Move the box containing the test specimen with the weights and the top plate to the drying oven. Allow
37、 the specimen to dry for 24 h. 7.4 Specimen cooling After the drying period allow the exposed specimen to cool for a minimum of 24 h at room temperature selected according to ISO 554 without adding any water unless it can be shown that omitting this point has no influence on the test result. 7.5 Rep
38、etition Repeat steps from 7.2 to 7.4 a further three times. 7.6 Preparation of specimen for flux testing Remove the weights and the nonwoven geotextile pieces and the clay geosynthetic barrier specimen from the box and carefully place the specimen on a flat smooth surface. Take a (100 2) mm diameter
39、 specimen and perform the test in accordance with EN 16416. Perform the test in accordance with EN 16416 on an unexposed reference specimen. PD CEN/TS 14417:2014CEN/TS 14417:2014 (E) 8 8 Calculation and expression of results 8.1 Recording of data The following data shall be recorded for each test: a
40、) the duration of the different conditioning periods (saturation, wetting, drying); b) all flux values determined and the corresponding time periods. 8.2 Calculation and expression of results Calculate the influence ratio R of wetting-drying cycles as follows: 100testreference()qRq= where qtestis th
41、e flux value (in m3/(m2.s) of the test specimen after exposure to the wetting-drying cycles; qreferenceis the flux value (in m3/(m2.s) of the reference specimen. 9 Test report The test report shall include the following particulars: a) number and date of this standard; b) identification of the sampl
42、e in accordance with EN ISO 10320, date of receipt and date of testing; c) conditioning atmosphere; d) the results obtained, expressed in accordance with 8.2; e) any deviation from the test procedure. This page deliberately left blankBSI is the national body responsible for preparing British Standar
43、ds and other standards-related publications, information and services.BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter. British Standards and other standardization products are published by BSI Standards Limited.British Standards Institution (BSI)BSI Group Headquarters389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL UKAbou
44、t usWe bring together business, industry, government, consumers, innovators and others to shape their combined experience and expertise into standards -based solutions.The knowledge embodied in our standards has been carefully assembled in a dependable format and refined through our open consultatio
45、n process. Organizations of all sizes and across all sectors choose standards to help them achieve their goals.Information on standardsWe can provide you with the knowledge that your organization needs to succeed. Find out more about British Standards by visiting our website at or contacting our Cu
46、stomer Services team or Knowledge Centre.Buying standardsYou can buy and download PDF versions of BSI publications, including British and adopted European and international standards, through our website at where hard copies can also be purchased. If you need international and foreign standards fro
47、m other Standards Development Organizations, hard copies can be ordered from our Customer Services team.SubscriptionsOur range of subscription services are designed to make using standards easier for you. For further information on our subscription products go to British Standards Online (BSOL) you
48、ll have instant access to over 55,000 British and adopted European and international standards from your desktop. Its available 24/7 and is refreshed daily so youll always be up to date. You can keep in touch with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of stan
49、dards, both in single copy and subscription format, by becoming a BSI Subscribing Member. PLUS is an updating service exclusive to BSI Subscribing Members. You will automatically receive the latest hard copy of your standards when theyre revised or replaced. To find out more about becoming a BSI Subscribing Member and the benefits of membership, please visit a Multi-User Network Licence (MUNL) you are able to host standards p
