1、BSI Standards PublicationCharacterization of waste Determination of gross calorific value and calculation of net calorific valuePD CEN/TS 16023:2013National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 16023:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technica
2、lCommittee B/508, Waste Management, to Subcommittee B/508/3,Characterization of waste.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its
3、 correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 69224 6ICS 13.030.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and
4、Strategy Committee on 31 December 2013.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TS 16023:2013TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 16023 November 2013 ICS 13.030.01 English Version Characterization of waste - De
5、termination of gross calorific value and calculation of net calorific value Caractrisation des dchets - Dtermination du pouvoir calorifique suprieur et calcul du pouvoir calorifique infrieur Charakterisierung von Abfllen - Bestimmung des Brennwertes und Berechnung des Heizwertes This Technical Speci
6、fication (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 6 August 2013 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be convert
7、ed into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS
8、) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hunga
9、ry, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENEL
10、EC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 16023:2013: EPD CEN/TS 16023:2013CEN/TS 16023:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normativ
11、e references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle 6 4.1 Gross calorific value .6 4.2 Net calorific value 6 5 Reagents .6 6 Apparatus .7 7 Sample storage 8 8 Sample preparation .8 9 Procedure .9 9.1 General 9 9.2 General preparations, measurements and temperature corrections 10 9.3 Calibration .
12、13 9.4 Samples . 13 10 Calculation of effective heat capacity. 14 11 Gross calorific value 15 12 Calculation of net calorific value. 16 12.1 General . 16 12.2 Net calorific value at constant pressure 16 13 Expression of results . 16 14 Quality control . 17 15 Test report . 17 Annex A (informative) E
13、xample of a calorimeter 18 Annex B (informative) Temperature evolution 19 Annex C (informative) Calculation of the gross calorific value Correct calculation versus the simplified calculation . 20 C.1 Correct calculation . 20 C.2 Sulfur correction . 21 C.3 Nitrogen correction. 21 C.4 Halogens correct
14、ion . 21 C.5 Influence of the thermo-chemical corrections . 22 Annex D (informative) Typical hydrogen contents in waste products . 24 Annex E (informative) Summary of general requirements and recommendations . 25 Bibliography . 26 PD CEN/TS 16023:2013CEN/TS 16023:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (C
15、EN/TS 16023:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held respo
16、nsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
17、Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. PD CEN/TS 16023:2013CEN/TS 1
18、6023:2013 (E) 4 Introduction This method is a quick and easy way to evaluate the suitability of waste to be treated by thermal processes. The determination of gross calorific value is carried out without thermo-chemical corrections. These corrections typically result in minor changes of the result.
19、The influence of these corrections is shown in Annex C. The result obtained is the gross calorific value at constant volume with both the water of the combustion products and the moisture of the waste as liquid water. The net calorific value is obtained by calculation from the gross calorific value.
20、 For the purpose of this Technical Specification, the value of the net calorific value does not need to be determined exactly. The correction for hydrogen is simplified by the use of typical hydrogen contents derived from table values of hydrogen contents in common types of waste. This Technical Spe
21、cification specifies a quick method to determine calorific value; a more comprehensive analysis is described in ISO 1928. Waste can contain water and (unburnable) solids in large amounts. Therefore their calorific value especially on the “as received” basis can be quite low. For some purposes it may
22、 be sufficient to determine the gross calorific value only, and not the net calorific value. WARNING Strict adherence to all of the provisions prescribed in this Technical Specification should ensure against explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided that the bomb is of proper design and
23、 construction and in good mechanical condition. Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis is required to be aware of the typical risks of this kind of material irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples may contain hazardous (e.g. toxic, reactive, flammable, infecti
24、ous) substances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction. Consequently, it is recommended that these samples be handled with special care. The gases that may be produced by microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurize sealed bottles. Bursting
25、bottles are likely to result in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations should be followed with respect to all hazards associated with this method. PD CEN/TS 16023:2013CEN/TS 16023:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies a simplified method for the determinati
26、on of the gross calorific value of waste at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. This Technical Specification does not include thermo-chemical corrections. This Technical Specification also specifies a simp
27、lified calculation of the net calorific value from the gross calorific value. This Technical Specification is applicable for the evaluation of suitability of waste to be treated by thermal processes and for the energy to be recovered. This Technical Specification is applicable to all kinds of waste.
28、 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amen
29、dments) applies. EN 13965-2:2010, Characterization of waste - Terminology - Part 2: Management related terms and definitions EN 14346, Characterization of waste - Calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue or water content 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the
30、 terms and definitions given in EN 13965-2:2010 and the following apply. 3.1 corrected temperature rise change in calorimeter temperature caused solely by the processes taking place within the combustion bomb Note 1 to entry: It is the total observed temperature rise corrected for heat exchange, sti
31、rring power etc. 3.2 gross calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of waste burned in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified Note 1 to entry: The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous ox
32、ygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature. 3.3 net calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the specific
33、 energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of waste burned in oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (in a hypothetical state at 0,1 MPa) Note 1 to entry: The other products are assumed to remain at the reference tem
34、perature. PD CEN/TS 16023:2013CEN/TS 16023:2013 (E) 6 4 Principle 4.1 Gross calorific value A weighed portion of the waste sample is burned in a high-pressure oxygen atmosphere in a bomb calorimeter under specified conditions. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined in calibrati
35、on experiments by combustion of certified benzoic acid under similar conditions, accounted for in the certificate. The corrected temperature rise is established from observations of temperature before, during and after the combustion reaction takes place. The duration and frequency of the temperatur
36、e observations depend on the type of calorimeter used. Water is added to the bomb initially to give a saturated vapour phase prior to combustion, thereby allowing all the water formed, from the hydrogen and moisture in the sample, to be regarded as liquid water. The gross calorific value is calculat
37、ed from the corrected temperature rise and the effective heat capacity of the calorimeter, without corrections made for contributions from ignition energy, combustion of the fuse(s) and for thermal effects from side reactions such as the formation of nitric acid. 4.2 Net calorific value The net calo
38、rific value at constant pressure is calculated from the gross calorific value at constant volume using typical values of hydrogen content. The calculation is made without corrections due to the oxygen and nitrogen content of the samples. 5 Reagents 5.1 Oxygen, at a pressure high enough to fill the b
39、omb to 3 MPa, pure with an assay of at least 99,5 % (V/V), and free from combustible matter. NOTE Oxygen made by the electrolytic process can contain up to 4 % (V/V) hydrogen. 5.2 Ignition wire, of nickel-chromium 0,16 mm to 0,20 mm in diameter, platinum 0,05 mm to 0,10 mm in diameter, or another su
40、itable conducting wire with well-characterized thermal behaviour during combustion. Knowing the gross calorific value of the fuse is necessary if an accurate calculation according to Annex C is to be carried out. This information is not required for the method described in this Technical Specificati
41、on. 5.3 Cotton fuse, of cellulose cotton, or equivalent, if required. Knowing the gross calorific value of the fuse is necessary if an accurate calculation according to Annex C is to be carried out. This information is not required for the method described in this specification. It is necessary to u
42、se a fuse with the same length and sections both in the calibration step and in the measurements. 5.4 Combustion aids, of known gross calorific value, composition and purity, such as benzoic acid, n-dodecane, paraffin oil, combustion bags or capsules may be used. 5.5 Benzoic acid, of calorimetric-st
43、andard quality, certified by (or with certification unambiguously traceable to) a recognized standardizing authority. The benzoic acid is burned in the form of pellets. It is normally used without drying or any treatment other than pelletising; consult the sample certificate. The benzoic acid shall
44、be used as close to certification conditions as is feasible; significant modifications to the conditions specified should be accounted for in accordance with the directions in the certificate. 5.6 Gelatine or acetobutyrate capsules. PD CEN/TS 16023:2013CEN/TS 16023:2013 (E) 7 6 Apparatus 6.1 General
45、 The calorimeter (see Figure A.1), consists of the assembled combustion bomb, a can (with or without lid), stirrer, water, temperature sensor, and leads with connectors inside the calorimeter can, required for ignition of the sample or as part of temperature measurement or control circuits. During m
46、easurements, the calorimeter is enclosed in a thermostat. The manner in which the thermostat temperature is controlled defines the working principle of the instrument and hence the strategy for evaluation of the corrected temperature rise. In combustion calorimetric instruments with a high degree of
47、 automation, especially in the evaluation of the results, the calorimeter is in a few cases not as well-defined as the traditional, classical-type calorimeter. Using such an automated calorimeter is, however, within the scope of this Technical Specification as long as the basic requirements are met
48、with respect to calibration conditions, comparability between calibration and waste experiments, ratio of sample mass to bomb volume, oxygen pressure, bomb liquid, reference temperature of the measurements and repeatability of the results. Equipment, adequate for determinations of calorific value in
49、 accordance with this Technical Specification, is specified below. 6.2 Calorimeter with thermostat 6.2.1 Combustion bomb, capable of safely withstanding the pressures developed during combustion. The design shall permit complete recovery of all liquid products. The material of construction shall resist corrosive acids resulting from the combustion of waste. A suitable internal volume of the bomb would be from 250 ml to 350 ml. 6.2.2 Calorimeter can, made of metal, highly polished on the outside and capable of holding an amount of water sufficient to complete
