1、STD-CEPT ERC REPORT bb-FREN 1997 m 2326414 0035870 T8B = ERC REPORT 66 European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) ERC REPORT ON INSPECTION PROCEDURES INCLUDING TRAINING OF INSPECTORS Antalya, May 1999 Copyright
2、1999 the European Conference of Postal lind Tclecommuniclitions Administrations (CEPT j ERC REPORT 66 ERC REPORT ON INSPECTION PROCEDURES INCLUDING TRAINING OF INSPECTORS INTRODUCTION . 1 AIM OF THIS ERC REPORT . 1 ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES ACTIVITIES . 1 LICENSING . 1 NATIONAL POLICY OF INSPECTIONS O
3、F RADIO EQUIPMENT 1 INSPECTION PROCEDURES . ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED . 6.1 PURPOSE OF INSPECIION 2 6.2 PROCEDURE . 2 6.3 LUCATION OFTHE RADIO BASE STATION 2 6.5 FREQUENCY . 3 6.6 HARMONICS AND SPURIOUS . 3 6.7 TRANSMITTER POWER 3 6.8 EXTERNAL ANTENNA 3 6.8.1 Type antenna . 3 Height of the externa
4、l antenna 4 Direction of the main lobe . 4 Gain of the antenna . 4 MODULATION (FREQUENCY DEVIATION) 4 6.4 CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT CONTROL (FOR EU ADMINISTRATIONS) . 3 6.8.2 6.8.3 6.8.4 6.9 6.10 ADDIONALFACILFIES 4 MONITORING AS PART OF INSPECTION . 4 7.1 0m-h MONITORING . 4 7.2 OCCUPANCY OF FREQVENCY
5、4 TRAINING STRATEGY TO ACCOMPLISH EFFECTIVE INSPECTION . 4 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 OBJECTIVE OF ADMINISTRATIONS 5 TECHNICAL TRAINING 5 BASIC RADIO AND INTERFERENCE MECHANISMS FOR NEW TECHNICAL STAFF . 5 TECHNICAL TRAINING COURSE OBJECTIVES . 5 TECHNICAL TRAINING FOR NEW TECHNICAL STA
6、FF . 6 ON THE JOB TRAINING 6 HEALTH AND SAFETY . 6 QUALITY STANDARD 6 EVALUATION OF TRAINING . 7 ANNEX The following gives additional information on the approach of different administrations towards inspections 8 STDmCEPT ERC REPORT 66-FREN 1999 232b414 0035893 797 ERC REPORT 66 Page 1 ERC REPORT ON
7、 INSPECTION PROCEDURES INCLUDING TRAINING OF INSPECTORS 1 INTRODUCTION Enforcement is the range of actions and sanctions that can be used to enhance the respect of national law and regulations for the purpose of achieving the best possible quality of (radio) communications for the legitimate users o
8、f the radio frequency spectrum. It includes taking action against occurred and potential sources of interference and unauthorised use and may include appropriate enforcement measures. Enforcement can include all types of activities such as inspection of radio equipment, investigation, monitoring and
9、/or market surveillance. Inspection of Radio Equipment is defined as carrying out on-site measurements on radio stations and checking whether or not radio equipment complies with the general/ individual licence and/or permitted conditions. 2 The aim of this ERC report is to provide CEPT administrati
10、ons with information on the inspection of radio equipment and on training of inspectors. Ail information should be considered as advisory and is .not intended to be obligatory. Enforcement and inspection of radio equipment remains an integral part of National Administrations responsibility AIM OF TH
11、IS ERC REPORT 3 ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES ACTIVITIES It is the responsibility of each national CEPT administration to control the use of the radio spectrum. The fundamental aim is to promote the most efficient use of the spectrum. Licensing is one method of controlling radio spectrum use 4 LICENSING A
12、s detailed in paragraph 3 of the ERC Report 61 on harmonisation of licensing, the use of radio frequencies has to be carefully planned and authorised to ensure the provision of a sufficiently high standard of radio service otherwise it can cause interference to other users. Paragraph 8 of the this r
13、eport defines the parameters within which equipment is to be used. Also paragraph 12 of the same document states the importance of carrying out inspections and this report elaborates further on the need for inspections and staff training. 5 As mentioned in paragraph 2 inspection of radio equipment i
14、s the responsibility of the national authorities. Annex 1 gives additional information on the approach of fifteen CEPT administrations towards inspection. Based on the collected information the majority of the responded CEPT administrations will only carry out inspection in cases of reported interfe
15、rence. Administrations from Cyprus, Germany, The Netherlands and Poland carry out routine inspections and also respond to interference complaints. NATIONAL POLICY OF INSPECTIONS OF RADIO EQUIPMENT STD-CEPT ERC REPORT bb-FREN 1999 W 232b4L4 0015 (b) conformity assessment control; (c) frequency and to
16、leration ; (d) harmonics and spurious; (e) transmitter power; (f) occupied bandwidth or frequency deviation; (g) type of antenna , height of the antenna, etc. depending on the type of installation. 6.3 The radio base station should be confirmed as being located at the address as shown on the licence
17、. Such matters need to be resolved before proceeding with the station inspection. If a radio base station has moved a short distance so that the coverage area is little changed, the licensee should be informed, subject to national administration policy, to regularise the licensing position, rather t
18、han closing the station down. Location of the radio base station STD.CEPT ERC REPORT bb-FREN 1999 232b414 0015895 56? m ERC REPORT 66 Page 3 6.4 Radio Equipment should be checked to ensure that it complies with the current relevant manufacturing specification i.e. type approval regime pre R b) Heigh
19、t of the antenna; c) Direction of main lobe; d) Gain relative to a dipole. 6.8.1 Type antenna Omni-directional antenna are by far the most common, and simple dipoles and ground-planes can easily be identified. Antenna possessing gain such as stacked dipoles and yagis (the latter having directional p
20、roperties) can also be identified, and assumed to have standard properties of gain and directivity, even if it is not possible to determine the exact model and manufacturer. Antennas with an unconventional construction, or those contained within a featureless fibreglass tube, can present a problem o
21、f identification. Antennas may require further investigation if they are suspiciously long (compared to a halfwave at the frequency of operation) and a gain of unity is being claimed by the user. STD-CEPT ERC REPORT bb-FREN 1999 23264L4 0015896 4Tb m ERC REPORT 66 Page 4 6.8.2 Height A possible sour
22、ce of confusion in relation to the height shown on the licence is the difference between height above sea level, height of mast, and height of antennas above ground. Therefore the height of the mast or pole and the height of the building or structure to which it is attached must both be taken into a
23、ccount. Advantageous antenna locations are more often the cause of complaints of excessive coverage, made by co-channel sharers, than the use of excessive ERP. Power limitations should be imposed in an attempt to combat such problems. Height of the external antenna 6.8.3 Direction of main lobe The u
24、se of a directional antenna is a technique which allows a degree of control over the service area. This might be used where a base station is located at one end of the required service area. It can also relieve problems of interference in directions where coverage is not required and perhaps allow r
25、euse of the frequency at a closer distance than would otherwise have been the case. Antenna chosen to provide such directivity are often Yagi types, but the close proximity of mast structures can give this effect to an omni-directional antenna. The direction of the main lobe can be checked by the us
26、e of a compass or by reference to known geographical features. Direction of the main lobe 6.8.4 Gain ofthe antenna In order to calculate the ERP it is necessary to know the gain of the antenna relative to a half-wave dipole. 6.9 Modulation (frequency deviation) The frequency deviation is the maximum
27、 difference between the instantaneous frequency of the modulated radio frequency signai and the carrier frequency in the absence of the modulation The level of used bandwidth against the allowed bandwidth can be measured with either communications service monitors or a separate deviation meter if av
28、ailable. 6.10 Additional Facilities During a radio equipment inspection a check should be made of any additional facilities in use which may not be allowed under the licence 7 MONITORING AS PART OF INSPECTION 7.1 Off-Air Monitoring Radio stations can be monitored off-air as part of the inspection. E
29、nforcement matters such as the use made of air time, the use of callings, and the size of the operation, can be examined and at the same time it is possible to measure the technical parameters of the signals received. 7.2 Occupancy of Frequency Spectrum monitoring serves as the eyes and ears of the
30、spectrum management process. It is necessary because, in practice, the actual use may be at variance with the planned use The monitoring process provides a method of verification and closes the loop on the spectrum management process. For many services, such as Land Mobile and Fixed Links, the frequ
31、encies are re-used in a cell-like structure. Occupancy measurements are necessary to enable the most efficient use of the channels where a number of separate users share a frequency. The occupancy measurements will enable an Administration to determine how many other users may be able to use the sam
32、e radio channel. Techniques for measuring occupancy are constantly being improved with advances in technology but detailed discussion of the techniques can be found in the ITU Spectrum Monitoring Handbook. 8 In order to fulfil the needs outlined above in the Inspection requirements, suitable trainin
33、g of radio inspectors is essential. The following identifies such needs and offers methods to provide the necessary training to achieve the skills to be able to perform the enforcement tasks. Training Strategy to Accomplish Effective Inspection STD-CEPT ERC REPORT 66-FREN 1999 2326434 0035897 332 ER
34、C REPORT 66 fige 5 8.1 Objective of Administrations To ensure that technical staff has the opportunity to be fully trained in: 0 Technical aspects of radio; 0 Enforcement of relevant legislation, including the EMC and R 0 Health 0 Administrative skills that the staff member and line manager consider
35、 as beneficial. 8.2 Technical trainii National Administrations should ensure that all local technical staff have a working knowledge of the subjects contained in the types of training subjects detailed below, in order to obtain and refresh their knowledge and skills. Administrations should also ensu
36、re that training is kept under review, in order to provide the necessary skills in new radio technology and to meet changes in legislation. technology and working practices. The following specific subject areas for courses are recommended, with a view to fulfilling training commitments, mainly arisi
37、ng from the need to keep pace with new technology to fulfil the needs of field staff: 0 Basic Radio 0 Digital Broadcasting; 0 Private Mobile Radio Systems and Paging; GSM and Tetra techniques; 0 Direction Finding Techniques;“ 0 Spectrum Management. 0 General Training in Enforcement 0 Enforcement Int
38、erview skills. 8.3 The following specific objectives are identified: 0 Radio Systems: Modulation; Propagation; Aerials; Electronic circuits; 0 EMCDetermination of interference mechanisms; Measurements; Filters; 0 Specifications; 0 Inspection of radio system. Basic Radio and Interference Mechanisms f
39、or new technical staff 8.4 Technical training course objectives The following are suggested iraining courses that have been identified, mainly arising from the need to keep pace with new technology to fulfil the needs of field staff: a) Digital Broadcasting This course is specifically for technical
40、staff and is intended to provide the basic principles on which digital RadioiTV receivers operate. The course objective is to allow field staff to have some knowledge of the internal working of digital Radio/TV receivers, from the tuner to the CRT. b) Private Mobile Radio System (PMR) and Paging (ER
41、MES) This course is for technical staff, who might feel they have the need to refresh themselves on the basic functions of both private Mobile Radio systems, together with Paging technology. ERC REPORT 66 Page 6 c) GSM and Tetra With the main emphasis being on TETRA based systems, it is recommended
42、that this course will be offered to all field staff. It will involve some revision of the theory already provided in a previous course, but will be mainly orientated towards the practical side of TETRA systems. It will be advantageous if the course includes a visit to a working TETRA site. d) Direct
43、ion Finding Techniques This course should be open to all field staff, who may have a requirement to refresh themselves on basic DF techniques and theory. It is recommended that will involve the use of both loop aerials and automatic DF systems and will be biased towards the practicalities of DF syst
44、ems and their use. e) Spectrum Management This course will provide the fundamental issues behind good spectrum management and should be open to all field staff. It will deal with both the international and national regulatory functions and provide a good theoretical grounding for staff who deal with
45、 licensing issues. 8.5 The most vital training for new staff is that done on the job in the company of experienced local officers. In the earlier stages of a new recruits career, suitable courses, should be identified to provide a fm grounding in both the technical and general development for the ne
46、w officer. With attendance at these courses, a new recruit will have a firm grounding in the enforcement, technical and general development requirements of the job. Technical training for new Technical staff 8.6 On the job training Many skills have to be learned on the job itself. Mistakes are made
47、and lessons are learnt. This build up of experience by doing the job is an invaluable part of the overall training strategy. National Administrations should have a commitment to ensure that local training is an integral part of the job plan. Feedback is an important part of the training process for
48、the staff. 8.7 Health and safety CEPT administrations should offer training on any equipment, which may have health and safety implications. Additionally Administrations should be aware of matters relating to personal safety e.g. Use of IT equipment; Exposure to Radio Frequency energy, etc. Regular
49、refresher courses are important to maintain safe working practices. Administrations should encourage attendance of staff on any general health and safety courses. First Aid training is also to be encouraged. 8.8 Quality Standard It is recommended to have a Quality Standard in place to provide a framework for effective investment in the training and development of each member of staff. Quality Standard Philosophy: The following four key points define the framework to achieve objectives to assist the individual to develop improved skills and clearly defined personal objectives: Commitment; Pl
