1、ISBN 3 900 734 37 2 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEU CHTUNGSKOMM ISSION FUNDAMENTALS OF THE VISUAL TASK OF NIGHT DRIVING Pub. No. CIE 100 Ist Edition 1992 UDC: 628.971 Descriptor: Exterior Lighting 61 7.754 Visual Field COPYRIGHT In
2、ternational Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 100 92 9006345 0004648 823 m This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-09 of Division 4 Lighting and Signalling for Transport and has been approved by the Board of Adminstration of the Comm
3、ission Internationale de IEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the stat
4、us of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 4-09 de la Division 4 Eclairage et signalisation pour les transports et a t approuv par le
5、 Bureau dAdministration de la Commission Internationale de IEclairage, pour tude et application. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intr
6、esss. II faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obliga- toire. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE ou le CIE NEWS. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 4-09 der Division 4 Be- leuchtung und Signale fr den Ve
7、rkehr ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de IEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte
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9、e CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport A la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous press
10、e, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1992
11、 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 100 92 900bL45 0004b49 7bT 9 FOREWORD The following members of TC 4-09, Fundamentals of the Visual Task of Night Driving, took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The Committee comes under
12、CIE Division 4, Lighting and Signalling for Transport. W. Adrian H. R. Blackwell T. L. Flodina G. Helmers (until 1991) M. Keck P. Padmos D. A. Schreuder R. N. Schwab (Chairman) B. W. Tansley H. L. Woltman Y. Yoshimura Canada United States USSR Sweden United States The Netherlands The Netherlands Uni
13、ted States Canada United States Japan COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesIV TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Table of Contents Summary Rsume Zusammenfassung 1. ANALYSIS OF THE NIGHT DRIVING TASK 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Scope of Report 1.3 Driving as a C
14、omplex of Behavioural Subtasks 1,3.1 Positional Information Requirements 1 .3.2 Situational Information Requirements 1.3.3 Navigational Information Requirements 1.4 Types of Visual Stimuli in the Driving Environment 1.5 lhe Visual Tasks of Driving 1.5.1 Visual Attention 1.5.2 Visual Detection 1.5.3
15、Visual Recognition 1 S.4 Decision Making 1.5.5 Visually Guided Responses 1.6.1 Reading During Driving 1.6.2 Fine Spatial Vision (Near) 1.6.3 Fine Spatial Vision (Far) 1.6.4 Coarse Spatial Vision 1.6.5 Visual Detection Tasks and Vision Near Detection Threshold 1.6.6 Visually Guided Movement 1.6.7 Col
16、our Perception of Night Driving 1.7.1 Weather/Atmospheric Transmissivity 1.7.2 Glare 1.7.3 Poor Roadway and Sign Illumination 1.7.4 Sensory/Perceptual Impairment 1.7.5 Driver Fatigue and Stress 1.7.6 Alcohol and Drug Use 1.6 How Specific Visual Tasks Change During Night Driving 1.7 Other Factors tha
17、t Affect the Performance of the Visual Task 1.8 Conclusions 2. CRITICAL VISUAL ELEMENTS IN NIGHT DRIVtNG 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Visual Elements 2.2.1 Lane Delineation and Roadway Edge Boundaries 2.2.2 Intersections, Entry and Exit Points Page 111 IV vi1 VI I v11 1 1 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 10 11 12 13 13 14 1
18、5 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesV 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.1 o 2.2.1 1 2.2.12 2.2.13 2.2.1 4 2.2.15 Sharp Curves, Discontinuities in Lane Path or Course of the Road
19、way Roadway Obstructions and Condition of Pavement Presence of Adverse Weather Conditions Presence of Other Motorized Vehicles Speed and Position of Other Vehicles Presence of Pedestrians and Large Animals Presence of Non-Motorized Traffic Speed and Position of Pedestrians, Bicyclists and Related Ob
20、jects Objects on the Roadway Stationary Vehicles Warning and Regulatory Signs and Signals Directional Signing Informal Location References and Landmarks 2.3 Conditions that Influence the Criticality of Visual Elements 2.3.1 Motorways 2.3.2 Bi-Directional Roads Outside Built-up Areas 2.3.3 Roads in U
21、rban Areas 2.3.4 Influence of Reduced Visibility Conditions 2.4 Critical Visual Elements 2.4.1 Studies of Critical Visual Elements 2.5 Conclusions on Critical Visual Elements 3. SIGHT DISTANCE CRITERIA 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Positional Level 3.2.1 Short Range Preview Distance 3.2.2 Long Range Preview
22、Distance 3.3.1 Deceleration Sight Distance 3.3 Situational Level 3.3.1.1 Comfortable Deceleration 3.3.1.2 Panic Stop 3.3.2 Lane Change Sight Distance 3.3.3 Overtaking Sight Distance 3.3.4 Intersection Sight Distance 3.4 Navigational Level 4. PREDICTING VISIBILITY 4.1 Visibility Models 4.2 Visibility
23、 Level - Visibility Distance 4.3 Application to Objects Seen in Driving 4.4 Evaluation and Use of Visibilrty Models 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 31 33 33 33 33 34 35 35 35 35 36 37 38 39 41 41 42 42 * 44 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Inf
24、ormation Handling ServicesVI 5. IMPROVING THE DRIVERS NIGHlTIME INFORMATION CUES 5.1 Determining What Needs Improvement 5.2 Vehicular Lighting 5.2.1 Positional Tasks 5.2.1.1 Retroreflective Delineation Treatments 5.2.1.2 Visibility Requirements 5.2.2.1 Visibility of Critical Elements 5.2.2.2 Visibil
25、ity Requirements 5.2.2 Situational Tasks 5.2.3. Navigational Tasks 5.3.1 Benefits of Public Lighting 5.3.2 Criteria for Design 5.3 Public Lighting 5.3.2.1 Average pavement luminance 5.3.2.2 Arrangement and luminance distribution 5.3.2.3 Discomfort and disability glare 5.4 Opportunities for Improved
26、Driver Performance 45 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 53 REFERENCES 55 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services - - CIE LOO 72 M 7006345 0004653 170 = VI1 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE VISUAL TASK OF NIGHT DRIVING SUMMARY Thi
27、s report presents the principal fundamental information known about the visual task of driving at night and provides insights as to how these principals may be used to make roadways safer and improve traffic flow at night. The first chapter describes the visual task of driving and establishes the el
28、ements in the perceptual process. It then discusses how night driving differs from daylight operations. Chapter two identifies and critically evaluates how the night driver acquires information from the roadway scene and discusses what are the important cues needed for vehicular operation. The third
29、 chapter discusses the required sight distances for carrying out the three major subtasks in driving. Chapter four discusses visibility models and their potential uses. The final chapter suggests methods for improving road design for nighttime conditions. Design elements discussed include public and
30、 vehicular lighting, the use of retroreflective materials and the use of self-luminous signals. DONNEES DE BASE DE LA TACHE VISUELLE DANS LA CONDUITE DE NUIT RESUMIE Ce rapport prsente les principales donnes de base concernant la tche visuelle dans la conduite de nuit; il fournit aussi un aperu des
31、applications possibles de ces donnes pour rendre la route plus sre et amliorer la circulation de nuit. Le premier chapitre dcrit la tche visuelle de conduite et les lments du processus de perception. II analyse ensuite les differences entre conduite de jour et conduite de nuit. Le chapitre 2 identif
32、ie et value de faon critique comment lusager, de nuit, prlve linformation dans la scne routire et quels sont les objets importants, ncessaires pour la conduite du vhicule. Le troisime chapitre analyse les distances de visibilit ncessaires pour mener bien les trois principales sous-tches de la condui
33、te. Le dernier chapitre propose des mthodes pour amliorer la route et ses quipements pour la circulation de nuit. Les lments tudis concernent lclairage, tant lclairage public que celui des vhicules, ainsi que lemploi des matriaux rtrorflchissants et des signaux lumineux. GRUNDLAGEN DER SEHAUFGABE BE
34、I NACHTFAHRTEN ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Bericht stellt die Grundlagen und Prinzipien dar, die uns ber die Sehaufgabe bei Nachtfahrten bekannt sind. Er gibt Aufschlu, wie diese Prinzipien anzuwenden sind, um die Straen sicherer zu machen und um den Verkehrsflu bei Nacht zu verbessern. Das erste Kapital
35、 beschreibt die Sehaufgabe beim Fahren und erlutert die wesentlichen Einzelheiten des Wahrnehmungsprozesses. Es wird dann untersucht, worin sich Fahrten bei Nacht von solchen bei Tage unterscheiden. Im zweiten Kapital wird kritisch untersucht, wie der Fahrer bei Nacht die Information ber das Straenb
36、ild erfat und was die wichtigsten Punkte fr das praktische Fahren sind. Das dritte Kapital untersucht die Sehweiten, die erforderlich sind, um die wichtigsten drei Unteraufgaben beim Fahren ausfhren zu knnen. Das vierte Kapitel untersucht die Sehmodelle und ihre Anwendungsmglichkeiten. Das letzte Ka
37、pitel regt Methoden zur Verbesserung des Straenbildes fur Nachtzeitbedingungen an. Die Hinweise umfassen sowohl die Beleuchtung durch ortsfeste Anlagen als auch durch Fahrzeuge, sowie die Anwendung retroreflektierender Materialien und selbstleuchtender Zeichen. COPYRIGHT International Commission on
38、IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 300 92 9006345 0004654 027 W 1 1. Analysis of the Night Driving Task “In areas where the primary function of the lighting installation is to provide illumination for the quick, accurate performance of visual tasks, the task itself is the start
39、ing point in the lighting design.“ - IESNA Lighting Handbook, 1972, p. 10-1 O 1.1 Introduction Driving involves the complex interaction of perceptual, cognitive and psychomotor processes and is affected by and dependent upon our capacities for learning, remembering, decision- making and selectively
40、attending. The role of visual perception in driving must be considered in the context of these interrelated processes. We obtain information from the environment pertinent to driving through all of our senses: with our visual sense by looking at the roadway environment, other vehicles, and our vehic
41、les instrumentation; with our auditory sense by listening to sounds generated from within the vehicle and from the environment outside; and with our proprioceptive senses by feeling the changes in forces acting upon our body in motion, obtained from kinesthetic and vestibular mechanisms. Nevertheles
42、s, visual feedback is the most important source of control information for human locomotion. The visual sense is the source of the most important information required in the performance of the driving task. The basic visual task of locomotion is to obtain sufficient information to navigate through t
43、he environment. During the act of driving the driver has to dynamically control the velocity, acceleration and direction of vehicular movement by observing the roadway, the boundaries marked on it, other vehicles upon it and the environment nearby and by adhering to both general and specific traffic
44、 rules recalled from memory. The dynamic aspect of control of a moving vehicle involves the visual perception of the drivers own movement relative to the roadway and its surroundings plus that of other road users relative to his/her vehicle. In addition, the driver must “think and look ahead“ in ord
45、er to better prepare for the various eventualities associated with changes in the roadway alinement and oncoming traffic. This requires bidirectional mental adjustment in space and time and the mental processes necessary to achieve this must be carried out while the immediate control processes of dr
46、iving operate in real time.“ The driver must not only adjust lane position in accordance with the vehicle directly ahead but must also anticipate the position of the pedestrian a half block away approaching the crosswalk that is coming up. In spite of the complexity of the driving task, viewed in th
47、is way, millions of individuals perform it safely every day, and with very little thought of the complexity of the information processing involved. Human vision evolved to provide information for control of the moving human body, which is capable of speeds no greater than about 15 km/h (except for t
48、he well trained runner and then, only for exceptional circumstances and/or reasonably brief periods of time). During driving, however, it is used to provide feedback for control of a vehicle capable of speeds ten times greater, often sustained for hours at a time. Because human control responses tak
49、e time to organize and execute, these greater speeds require that adaptive motor responses be made at distances much greater than are needed when walking. Form perception vision is able to provide information about distant objects and events. Consequently, there is a relative greater dependence upon visual information than on information from the other senses during driving. Locomotor and visual functions evolved together and are, consequently, matched to one another
