1、ISBN 3 900 734 71 2 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION CIE COLLECTION in Colour and Vision 118/1 Evaluation of the Attribute of Appearance Called Gloss (Reprint) 1 18/2 Models of Heterochromatic Brightness Matching (R
2、eprint) 1 18/3 Brightness-Luminance Relations 118/4 CIE Guidelines for Co-ordinated Research on Evaluation of Colour Appearance Models for Reflection Print and Self-Luminous Display Image Comparisons 1 18/5 Testing Colour Appearance Models: Guidelines for Co-Ordinated Research 11816 Report on Color
3、Difference Literature 118/7 CIE Guidelines for Co-Ordinated Future Work on Industrial Colour- Difference Evaluation Abstracts of CIE Publications prepared within Division 1 CIE 118-1995 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTDeCIE LLB-ENGL 1775 9
4、006145 0005455 O77 The Reports in this publication have been prepared by various CIE Technical Committees and Reporters within Division 1 “Vision and Colour“. Part of them were published in the “CIE Journal“ in 1986. The reports draw on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of l
5、ight and lighting described, and are intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of the reports is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings, CIE NEWS, future issues in the “CIE Collection“ Series or putiiication l
6、istings should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Les rapports ont t prpars par diffrents Comits Techniques et Rapporteurs de la CIE dans la Division 1 “Vision et couleur“. Ils ont t publis en partie dans le“CIE Journal“ en 1986. Les rapports traitent des connaissances courantes
7、et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et ils ont t tablis pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que les rapports sont indicatifs et non obligatoires. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus
8、 rcents comptes rendus de la CIE, CIE NEWS, ditions futures de la srie “CIE Collection“ ou les listes de publications de la CIE. Die Berichte wurden von verschiedenen Technischen Komitees der CIE in Division 1 “Sehen und Farbe“ ausgearbeitet. Sie wurden zum Teil im “CIE Journal“ im Jahr 1986 verffen
9、tlicht. Die Berichte behandeln den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiet Licht und Beleuchtung; sie sind zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da3 die Berichte Empfehlungen und keine Vorschriften sind. Di
10、e neuesten CIE-Tagungsbenchte, das CIE NEWS, zuknftige Ausgaben in der Serie “CIE Collection“ oder die Publikationsliste sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere Anderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has bee
11、n taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhau
12、stif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da3 diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1995 II COPYRIGHT International Commi
13、ssion on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services - STD.CIE LLB-ENGL 1775 m 700bL45 000545b T25 m CIE 118-1995 Contents Evaluation of the Attribute of Appearance Called Gloss Models of Heterochromatic Brightness Matching Brightness-Luminance Relations CIE Guidelines for Co-ordinated Res
14、earch on Evaluation of Colour Appearance Models for Reflection Print and Self-Luminous Display Image Comparisons Testing Colour Appearance Models: Guidelines for Co-Ordinated Research Report on Color Difference Literature CIE Guidelines for Co-Ordinated Future Work on Industrial Colour Difference Ev
15、aluation Abstracts of CIE Publications Prepared within Division 1: CIE 13.3-1995 Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources CIE 15.2-1 986 Colorimetry CIE 19.21-1981 An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Para- meters upon Visual Performance,
16、Vol. 1 : Technical Foundations CIE 19.22-1981 An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Para- meters upon Visual Performance, Vo1.2: Summary and Application CIE 41-1978 CIE 51-1981 CIE 60-1 984 CIE 75-1988 CIE 78-1988 CIE 80-1989 CIE 81-1989 CIE 86-1 990 CIE 87-1990 CIE 95-1992 CIE
17、101-1993 Guidelines Light as a True Visual Quantity: Principles of Measurement A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry Vision and the Visual Display Unit Work Station Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions Based upon Brightness Matching for Monochromatic Point Sourc
18、es, 2“ and 1 0“ Fields Brightness-Luminance Relations: Classified Bibliography Special Metamerism Index: Change in Observer Mesopic Photometry: History, Special Problems and Practical Solutions CIE 1988 2“ Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Display
19、s - A Bibliography Contrast and Visibility Parametric Effects in Colour-Difference Evaluation Page 1 17 20 23 39 47 49 55 CIE 10311-1993 Colour Appearance Analysis III COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 118-1995 CIE 109-1994 A Method of Pre
20、dicting Corresponding Colours under Different Chromatic and Illuminance Adaptations CIE 1 16-1 995 Industrial Colour Difference Evaluation ISO/CIE 10526 Colorimetric Hluminants, 1991 (SOO1 , 1986) ISO/CIE 10527 Colorimetric Observers, 1991 (S002, 1986) Status of Papers Published in CIE Technical Col
21、lections 63 IV COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services-STD-CIE 118-ENGL 1995 700bLLi5 0005Li58 8T bl mixed; c) specular (regular). When light is not diffused or scattered by the surface of an object, the reflectance is usually called . Light transm
22、itted by an object mat is not scattered is called but is intermediate between these two extremes. That is, both specular and diffuse components are present. In Figure la, completely diffuse reflection is illustrated (the incident light is reflected in equal amounts at all possible angles, regardless
23、 of the direction of incidence). In Figure IC, the incident light is reflected entirely at a single angle of reflection corresponding to the angle of incidence. In Figure lb, reflected light is maximum at an angle of reflection corresponding to the angle of incidence, but some of the light is reflec
24、ted throughout al 1 possible angles. The situation illustrated in Figure lb is most comnonly encountered in nature. We distinguish between “glossy“ and “matte“ materials primarily on the basis of the tendency of reflected light toward the extremes shown in Figures la and IC. If reflection is princip
25、ally specular associated typical ly with objects having optically smooth surfaces, we call these objects “glossy“. Trans- mission that is principally regular is associated with relatively homogeneous media which are typically called “transparent“. at Fig.2. Phenomena occurring at an airlobject inter
26、face. With the interaction of light at or near the aidobject interface, a number of complex phenom- ena take place. Figure 2 illustrates, generally, some of these phenomena. The incident flux (oil strikes the surface of the object. Some small portion of that incident light is reflected at an angle f
27、rom the normal equal to the angle of incidence (,I. Most of the light penetrates the medium. Some of it is absorbed (ea); some of it is scattered (os); and some of it may find its way through the medium and be transmitted (et). Some of the incident flux may be reflected froir irregularities that bro
28、aden the distribution of angles of reflected light (ora). Some of the incident light, after interaction with particles within the medium, also finds its way back through the surface and exhibits a tendency to be distributed throughout al 1 possible angles l. The combination of directional quantities
29、 indi- cated by o, and ),I is generally related to the perception of what is called . for most nonmetallic materials, light that is specularly reflected (er) has a spectral composition which does not change significanty from that which is incident. One observes the color of the light source. hen inc
30、ident light interacts with the particles deeper under the surface, some wavelengths are absorbed and others are reflected, changing the spectral composition of the light. These phenom- ena contribute to our perception of color. size and frequency of surface irregularities determine the amount and an
31、gular distribution of 4+. It is the ratio between O, and #pl, or, more explicitly, the rate of change It should be noted that, The magnitude, 4 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Servicesof light flux with observation angle, that largely determines wha
32、t is perceived as gl OSS. In some materials, there exists a layer of very small particles quite close to the surface. It is believed that this condition is responsible for the sensation called . This film, or layer, may be above or below the plane of the original surface and appears to be caused typ
33、ically by a separation and migration of some component of the body medium or by a deposition on the surface by some atmospheric contaminant. Haze often has a bluish cast that is probably due to the same wavelength-dependent . selective- scattering process that is responsible for the bluish appearanc
34、e of the sky. There are several other reflection-associated phenomena, such as interference effects that although they directly affect appearance, are not considered further in this report. Polarization is another physical phenomenon which may result when light strikes a nonmetallic surface. This ph
35、enomenon is not directly identified by the human observer, but it may influence instrumental measurement. Although an in-depth analysis is not attempted here, it is useful to describe the most relevant aspects of polarization as related to gloss instrument performance. The waves of unpolarized light
36、 vibrate freely in all directions perpendicular to the ray. Polarization occurs when this freedom has been limited in some manner. The incident and viewing beams of nearly all instruments contain elements that polarize the light to some degree. In gloss- meters, the principal sources of polarization
37、 are the coiled filament lamp and mirrors (if used) when light strikes the mirror surface obliquely. Metallic first-surface mirrors produce a low level of elliptical polarization; however, most metallic mirrors are protected by a nonmetallic overcoat that may cause linear polarization. fn some cases
38、, the effect may be additive. Actually, the specimen is the major source of polarization, since it is an inherent part of the optical system and is, in effect, a nonmetallic mirror. The resulting polarization effect is maximum at about 60 incident and viewing angles. At angles less than or greater t
39、han 60, the degree of polarization is significantly reduced. The range of index of refraction of materials such as coatings, plastics, papers, etc. * that are candidates for gloss analysis is rather limited. Fortunately, the glass mirror-li ke standards used for calibration have indices of refractio
40、n similar to those of the specimens to be measured. Therefore, the effect of polarization in typical specular glossmeters is not normally signifi- cant. CIE 1 18-1 995 1 -4 Capabilities of the Human Observer When considering any attempt to measure physical quantities that may correlate with perceive
41、d gloss, it must be recognized immediately that, within the confines of current technology, the abi 1 i ty of any instrument to di scriminate among the various attributes of gToss is extremely limited when compared to the capability of the human observer. Scales of gloss defined by geometric conditi
42、ons that cannot be duplicated, in instruments serve little purpose. For example, the attribute of distinctness-of-reflected-image is exceedingly difficult to measure photo- metrically without very high resolving power. Practical (that is, economically feasible) photo- metric reflectance instruments
43、generally are limited to receptor field angles of about fifty times as large as the resolution capability of the vi sua1 mechanism. Another limitation in measuring high-gloss materials is that no commercially available instrument can completely differentiate between a low reading resulting from poor
44、 image quality of the spechen and a low reading caused by surface curvature that has caused a divergence in the specularly reflected beam. The test sample must be very carefully selected or very rigidly clamped so that the surface to be measured is maintained in a flat, single plane. The human ob- s
45、erver, however, can readily distinguish between these effects. Specimen nonflatness distorts but does not destroy the visual images reflected in its surface. In addition, the human observer has the freedom to manipulate the specimen during his judgment process. He can integrate the effect of these g
46、eometric variations during his appraisal. He is thus able to deal with this complex situ- ation and make intelligent judgements relating to differences between the specimens. Accordingly, one should not rule out the possibility of using a sensing human observer as part of any measurement system inte
47、nded to pro- vide complete quantitative specification of gloss. On the other hand, it must be remembered that the human observer requires two samples or a sample and a target standard in juxtaposition in order to make valid judgments and just as with any perception, there can be large differences be
48、tween observers. 1.5 Status of Current Measurement ethos To date, instrumental measurements designed to corre1 ate with perceived gloss attributes have been limited to simple specular reflectance measurements, except in restricted situations.8 As previously explained, the complexity of the factors i
49、nfluencing gloss judgments has so far 5 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-CIE 118-ENGL 1775 9006145 0005463 Lb5 I medium- gloso paints Medium- glosa plastics Ccated papers. inks CIE 118-1995 I ash- gloss pinte Clear kgh- laatic gloss Pilm film laminates cast- coated papers* waxed paper inks Table 1-A. “Specular tloss Flethods of Industries“ This table lists specuiar-glossmeter geometries for specific applications to industrial materials, and the gloss range of the particular
