1、 STD-CIE 132-ENGL 1999 9006145 0006049 059 ISBN 3 WO 734 92 5 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION DESIGN METHODS FOR LIGHTING OF ROADS CIE 132 - 1999 UDC: 628:971.6 Descriptor: Street lighting 628.931 Artificial light
2、ing. Generalities. Design and calculations COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 132-1999 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-07 of Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport“ and has been approved by th
3、e Board of Administration of the Commission Internationale de IEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It sh
4、ould be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 4-07 de la Division 4 “Eclairage et signalisation pou
5、r les transports“ et a t approuv par le Bureau dAdministration de la Commission Internationale de IEclairage, pour tude et application. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membr
6、es de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pour connatre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE ou le CIE NEWS. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE Technischen Komitee 4-07 der Division 4
7、 “Beleuchtung und Signale fr den Verkehr“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de IEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandetten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung: es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitgl
8、ieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or produ
9、cts does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport A la compilation de tous le
10、s documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da die
11、se nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1999 II COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTDeCIE 132-ENGL 1999 m 90061115 0006051 707 II CIE 132-1999 The following members of TC 4-07 “Design methods for lighting of roads” took part in the preparation of this
12、 Technical Report . The Committee comes under CIE Division 4 . Ing . M . Bonomo Drs . F . Burghout Mr . P . Hautala Mr . J.C. Marinier Mr . R.H. Simons Mr . R.E. Stark Dipl . Ing . A . Stockmar Ir . J . Vermeulen Italy The Netherlands Finland France Great Britain U.S.A. Germany The Netherlands (Chai
13、rman) Table of Contents SUMMARY . V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG V RESUME v SCOPE OF THIS REPORT 1 1 . INTRODUCTION 1 1 . 1 Quality criteria for road lighting 1 1.2 Recommendations for lighting of roads for motor traffic . 2 1.2.1 Average luminance . 2 1.2.2 Luminance uniformity 2 1.2.3 Glare . 2 1.2.4 The surro
14、und ratio 2 1.2.5 Optical guidance . 3 1.3 Recommendations for lighting for pedestrian traffic . 3 2 . CALCULATION PRINCIPLES . 5 2.1 Calculation of illuminance and luminance 5 2.2 Calculation of glare 5 2.2.1 Calculation of disability glare 6 3 . PHOTOMETRIC DATA . 7 3.1 /-tables 7 3.2 r-tables 8 3
15、.3 Derived photometric data 9 3.3.1 Polar diagram . 9 3.3.2. Relative isocandela diagram in azimuthal projection 9 3.3.3 Relative isolux diagram . 10 3.3.4 Utilization factor diagram 11 3.3.5 Relative isoluminance diagram . 12 3.3.6 Luminance yield factor diagram 13 3.4 Road surface classification 1
16、4 3.4.1 Other road surface classification systems . 15 4 . DESIGN METHODS . 16 4.1 Calculation of illuminance and luminance by computer . 16 4.2 Determination of illuminance distribution by means of relative isolux diagrams 17 4.3 Calculation of average illuminance by means of utilization factor dia
17、grams . 18 4.4 Determination of luminance distribution by means of relative isoluminance diagrams 19 4.5 Calculation of average luminance by means of luminance yield factor diagrams 20 5 . SIMPLE BUT ACCURATE DESIGN METHODS . 21 5.1 The use of luminaire performance tables . 21 5.2 The spacing index
18、method 25 5.2.1 Description . 25 5.2.2 Design procedure . 25 5.3 Disability glare, calculation of Egi, Lv and TI . 29 5.4 Simplified method for the determination of Ly and TI . 33 III COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services. STD.CIE L32-ENGL 1999 W
19、 900b145 000b052 b43 m CIE 132-1999 6 . APPROXIMATE DESIGN METHODS . 35 6.1 The ratio method . 35 6.1 . 1 Approximate Yvalues 36 6.1.2 Approximate values for 36 6.2 Rules for luminance uniformity 36 6.2.1 Crosswise uniformity . 36 6.2.2 Longitudinal uniformity 37 6.2.3 Determination of luminaire spa
20、cing for U, 2 O, 4 37 7 . MAINTENANCE AND DESIGN . 39 7.1 Introduction . 39 7.2 Lamp depreciation and mortality 39 7.3 Luminaire dirt depreciation 40 7.4 IP classification . 41 8 . REFERENCES . 43 APPENDIX: ROAD SURFACE CLASSIFICATION TABLES . 44 IV COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination
21、Licensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 132-1999 DESIGN METHODS FOR LIGHTING OF ROADS SUMMARY Several recommendations and technical reports have been published over the past years by the CIE to provide calculation methods for designing road lighting installations, which satisfy certain quality
22、criteria. These quality criteria are intended to ensure the safety, comfort and personal security of road users. These documents are often referred to in the national codes and recommendations of industrialised countries. The calculation methods necessitate the use of a computer. Experience shows th
23、at the high degree of accuracy obtained with the recommended methods of calculation is not always necessary, at least during the first stage of design. In some countries simplified methods have been developed which show similarities. They do not require a computer for application by the user. The ai
24、m of this report is to describe these and similar design methods for lighting installations for all categories of roads. The method to be used depends on the required accuracy and the type of data available to the designer. METHODES POUR LETUDE DECLAIRAGE ROUTIER RESUME Au cours des dernires annes l
25、a CIE a publi plusieurs recommandations et rapports techniques fournissant des mthodes de calcul pour ltude dinstallations dclairage routier qui remplissent certains critres de qualit. Ces critres de qualit sont destins assurer la sret, le confort et la scurit des usagers de la route. Souvent les co
26、des et recommandations nationaux dans les pays industrialiss se rfrent ces documents. Ces mthodes de calcul exigent iusage dun ordinateur. Lexprience a montr que le haut degr de prcision obtenu avec les mthodes recommandes nest pas toujours ncessaire, du moins pendant la premire phase de ltude. Cert
27、ains pays ont dvelopp des mthodes simplifies, mais similaires, qui ne ncessitent pas lusage dun ordinateur. Le but de ce rapport est de dcrire ces mthodes pour ltude des installations dclairage pour toutes les catgories de routes. La mthode utiliser dpend de la prcision requise et du type des donnes
28、 disponibles. PLANUNGSVERFAHREN FR DIE STRASSENBELEUCHTUNG ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den vergangenen Jahren sind von der CIE mehrere Empfehlungen und Technische Berichte herausgegeben worden, in denen Berechnungsverfahren bereitgestellt werden zur Planung von Straenbeleuchtungsanlagen, die bestimmte Gtemer
29、kmale erfllen. Diese Gtemerkmale dienen zur Erfllung der Anforderungen der Straennutzer nach Sicherheit, Beeintrchtigungsfreiheit und persnlichem Schutz. Hufig wird in nationalen Normen und Empfehlungen industrialisierter Lnder auf diese Verffentlichungen Bezug genommen. Die Berechnungsverfahren erf
30、ordern den Einsatz von Computern. Die Erfahrung zeigt allerdings, da die mit den empfohlenen Berechnungsverfahren erreichbare hohe Genauigkeit nicht immer erforderlich ist, zumindest nicht in einer frhen Planungsphase. In einigen Lndern sind daher vereinfachte Verfahren entwickeit worden, die zum Te
31、il groe hnlichkeiten aufweisen. Die Anwendung dieser Verfahren erfordert keinen Einsatz von Computern durch den Nutzer. Ziel dieses Berichts ist es, diese und hnliche Verfahren fr die Beleuchtungsplanung von Straen aller Art zu beschreiben. Weiches dieser Verfahren jeweils Anwendung finden sollte, h
32、ngt von der erforderlichen Genauigkeit und von den dem Planer zur Verfgung stehenden Daten ab. V COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-CIE 132-ENGL 1999 m 7006145 000b054 4Lb CIE 132-1999 VI COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLi
33、censed by Information Handling ServicesSCOPE OF THIS REPORT Several recommendations and technical reports have been published over the past years by the CIE to provide calculation methods for designing road lighting installations, which satisy certain quality criteria. These quality criteria are int
34、ended to ensure the safety, comfort and personal security of road users. These documents are often referred to in the national codes and recommendations of industrialised countries. The calculation methods necessitate the use of a computer. Experience shows that the high degree of accuracy obtained
35、with the recommended methods of calculation is not always necessary, at least during the first stage of design. In some countries simplified methods have been developed which show similarities. They do not require a computer for application by the user. The aim of this report is to describe these an
36、d similar design methods for lighting installations for all categories of roads. The method to be used depends on the required accuracy and the type of data available to the designer. Most of the described methods only apply to straight sections of roads with continuous lighting. Some methods allow
37、to investigate the effect of one luminaire only. Some methods allow for the design for curved road sections. The use of computers has a drawback; the designer may lose contact with the basics of the profession. This report can therefore also be used for educational purposes and as a reminder. This r
38、eport consists of 7 sections: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - Approximate design methods. 7 - Maintenance and design. which then can be analysed regarding the economic consequences. Remark i These conditions are not considered in this report. For wet conditions see 0.1. Remark 2 Some of the values of the st
39、andard r-tables C1 and C2, as published in this report, differ from earlier publications (see for instance 3.2). These differences are partly due to obvious typing errors in earlier publications and partly to misinterpretation of the basic data. The corrections are made based on the tables published
40、 in 0.2 A short introduction to the quality criteria for public lighting. The calculation principles for the quality criteria. A survey of the necessary photometric data and recommendations for their format. Design methods based on photometric data. Simple but accurate design methods. This report pr
41、ovides tools for determining a number of technically possible solutions, In some countries the design criteria also include the wet condition of the road surface. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Quality criteria for road lighting Road lighting must provide safety, comfort and personal security to any road user.
42、 In particular the road user must be able to see the lay-out of the road, locate and recognize any special signs and obstacles with certainty and in time. The aims of road lighting, the principles of night vision, the requirements of night driving etc. are dealt with in CIE 115 - 1995 1.1. This give
43、s the fundamental quality criteria for good road lighting practice. For the lighting of roads for motor traffic, these are: - average luminance; - luminance uniformity; - limitation of glare; 1 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTDmCIE 132-ENG
44、L L339 = 300blY5 000b05b 293 = CIE 132 - 1999 - - optical guidance. lighting of the surrounds (surround ratio); For typical pedestrian areas these are: - average illuminance; - minimum illuminance. The methods considered in this document give various solutions for the determination of illuminance va
45、lues, luminance values and glare limitation. 1.2 Recommendations for lighting of roads for motor traffic For complete information refer to 1.1. This section will only summarize the recommendations. The recommended lighting classes are selected according to the status of the road as is shown in table
46、 1.1. The photometric requirements for the recommended lighting classes are summarized in table 1.2. 1.2.1 Average luminance The luminance level, described by the average luminance of the road surface and its immediate surrounds determine to a great extent the state of adaptation of the road users e
47、ye. Therefore the average luminance is of utmost importance for the ability to see and thus it is in the first place related to traffic safety. It is also related to the comfort of the road user. 1.2.2 Luminance uniformity The second quality criterion is that of luminance uniformity. This criterion
48、is both related to traffic safety and to comfort: - - Too dark areas on the road surface may conceal possible obstacles. A repetition of darker and brighter areas causes continuous changes in adaptation level, which causes fatigue and is uncomfortabk. To describe the uniformity of the luminance patt
49、ern, two ratios, are used: - the overall uniformity = i,dLv in which L,n and L, represent the lowest and the average value of the luminance of the considered road section, respectively; the longitudinal uniformity i4 = (Lrndkdbng where L,n and Lm, are the lowest and the highest value of the luminance on the centre line of a driving lane, respectively. - 1.2.3 Glare Glare is caused by the presence of bright sources (luminaires) in the field
