1、COMMISSION tNTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON IL LUMINATION INTERNA TIONAL E BEL EUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION THE BASIS OF PHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY PUBLICATION CIE No 18.2 (TC-I .2) 1983 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE 52, BOULEVARD MALESHERBES - 75008 PARIS - FRANCE COPYRIGHT Interna
2、tional Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services _ - CIE 18-2 83 9006145 0000655 3T4 I COMM tSSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE 4 L I NTER NATIONALE BE LEU CHTU NGSKOM M ISS ION rbJ f INTERNATIONAL cOMMSSION ON ILLUMiNATiON information on tables available in disc format CIE
3、DISC D001, Rei.: 1.2 This disc contains files tabulating the CIE Colorimetric illuminants and Colorimetric Ob- servers, as well as the CIE Spectral Luminous Efficiency for Scotopic Vision and the CIE 1988 2 degree Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision (see CIE Publica- tion 86/19
4、90). Every file starts with a text line containing information on the file. Then the data are presented. The data on this disc supplement the CIE Standards S O01 and S 002, they contain the data for the tables on pp. 15 - 19 of SOO1 and of pp. 20 - 39 of S 002. V(lambda) values are included from CIE
5、 Publ. 18.2. VM(lambda) values are taken between 380 nm and 460 nm from CIE Publ. 86, from 461 nm to 780 nm from CIE Standard S 002, with according rounding. File notations are as follows: CIE Standard Illuminant A: CIE-A.TXT CIE Standard Illuminant D65: CIE-D$S.TXT CIE 1931 standard colorimetric ob
6、server x bar 2 (2 deg. CIE colour-matching function):ClEX2.TXT y bar 2 (2 deg. CIE colour-matching function):CIE-Y2.TXT z bar 2 (2 deg. CIE colour-matching function):CIE-Z2.TXT x bar 1 O(l0 deg. CIE coiour-matching function):CIE-XlO.TXT y bar lO(10 deg. CIE colour-matching function):CIE-YlO.TXT z ba
7、r 1 O( 10 deg. CIE colour-matching function):ClE-Zi 0.TXT V(lambda): Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision is equivalent to CIEY2.TXT. V(1ambda): Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Scotopic Vision: VM(1ambda): CIE 1988 2 degree Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for CIE
8、 1964 supplementary standard colorimetric observer CIE-V.TXT. Photopic Vision: CIE-VM.TXT. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 18.2 83 I 900bl145 0000656 230 This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 1.2, Photometry and Radio
9、metry. It has been approved by the majority of the Technical Committee and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees of the Mem- ber Countries of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendations in thi
10、s report are advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE Journal should be consulted regarding the current status of this report and possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique 1.2., Photomtrie et Radiomtrie de la CIE. II a t approuv par la majorit d
11、u Comit Technique et il est recommand pour tude et application. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandation officielle de la CIE, approuve par les Comits Nationaux des Pays Mem- bres de la CIE. I1 doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne titre de conseil et non dobligation. En ce qui co
12、ncerne la situation prsente de ce Rapport et dventuelles modifications, il faut consulter le plus rcent Compte Rendu de Session ou Journal de la CIE. Dieser Bericht wurde vom Technischen-Komitee 1.2, Photometrie und Strahlungsmessung der CIE. Er wurde dutch die Mehrheit des Technischen Komitees gebi
13、lligt und wird zum Studium und zur Anwendung empfohlen. Dieser Bericht ist keine offiziell anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, der die Nationalen Komitees der Mitgliedslnder der CIE zugestimmt haben. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, da jede Empfehlung in diesem Bericht als Anleitung dient und nicht verbindlich ist
14、. Was den gegenwrtigen Status dieses Berichtes und mgliche Nachfolge-Ausgaben angeht, ziehe man die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE-Journal zu Rate. Copyright : Commission Internationale de IEclairage 1983. ISBN 92-9034-01 8-5 - II - COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicens
15、ed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 18.2 83 OOb3Li5 O000657 177 I Members of the Committee R.D. LOZANO W.R. BLEVIN F. ROTTER M.G. VANDERMEERSCH M. DODOVA J. KRTIL V. KOP T. TIMONEN J. BASTIE D. HAHN J. MOORE M. POPPE G. DEITCH C. GENTILE M. NISHI M. KOEDAM B. HISDAL W. STANIOCH G. ISPASOIU F. HEN
16、GSTBERGER A. CORRONS L. LIEDQUIST P. BLASER J.J. RENNILSON M.S. MATVEEV N. PETROVIC s. NNDEL Argent ina Australia Austria, chairman Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France German Dem. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Great Britain Hungary Isral Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Sout
17、h Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland USA USSR Yugoslavia - III - COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 18.2 83 9006145 0000b58 003 I Consultants of the Committee H. REITER L. MORREN R. ANDREICHIN T. KECHLIBAROV W. BUDDE C.E. DAVIDSON LI TONG-BAO
18、 J. ZATKOVIC A. MARECHAL J. TERRIEN A. JNNES T. TANNEBERGER G. BAUER K. BISCHOFF D. FORSTE ci. GEUTLER D. GUNDLACH H. JUNG J. KROCHMANN R. RATTUNDE H. TERSTIEGE B. JEWESS G. DEZSI J. SCHANDA M. ARTOM M. MUROI M. NANJO Y. NAYATANI K. YOSHIE J.J. DE GROOT J.A.J. ROUFS H.D. EINHORN C.J. KOK V .E. KARTA
19、CHEVSKAY A F. GRUM S.K. GUTH E.S. STEEB J.L. TECH W. THORNTON B. WATSON H. ST. LIRA H. -J. SCHMIDT-CLAUSEN Austria Belgium Bulgaria Bulgaria Canada Canada China Czechoslovakia France France Finland German Dem. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed.
20、Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep. Germany Fed. Rep, Great Britain Hungary Hungary Italy Japan Japan Japan Japan Netherlands Netherlands South Africa South Africa U.S.S.R. U.S.A U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. Chile - IV - COPYRIGHT International Commissi
21、on on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services-_ CIE 18.2 A3 900bL45 OOOOb59 T4T SUMMARY THE BASIS OF PHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY This publication presents the basic conventions and principles of modern physical photometry, and explains how physi- cal photometry relates to radiometry on the one
22、 hand and to vision on the other. The fundamentals of the broad-band, spectroradiometric, and visual methods of photometry are outlined. The principal physical standards used for measuring photometric quantities and some relevant radiometric quantities are described, and the results of some major in
23、terna- tional intercomparisons of such measurements are summarized. RESUME LES BASES DE LA PHOTOMETRIE PHYSIQUE Cette publication prsente les conventions et principes fondamentaux de la photomtrie physique moderne et explique de quelle manire la photomtrie physique se rapporte dune part la radiomtri
24、e et dautre part la vision. Les fondements de la photomtrie large bande, spectroradiomtrique et visuelle sont expliqus. Les talons fondamentaux physiques utiliss pour la mesure de grandeurs photomtriques et de quelques grandeurs radiomtriques importantes sont dcrits et les rsultats de quelques inter
25、comparaisons importantes de telles mesures som rsums. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DIE BASIS DER PHYSIKALISCHEN PHOTOMETRIE Diese Verffentlichung enthlt die grundlegen Festlegungen und Prinzipien der modernen physikalischen Photometrie und erlutert, in welcher Weise die physikalische Photometrie einerseits mit d
26、er Radiometrie und andererseits mit dem Sehen zusammenhngt. Die grundlegenden Methoden der Breitbandpnotometrie, der spektroradiometrischen Photome- trie und der visuellen Photometrie werden erlutert. Die grundlegenden physikalischen Normale, die fr die Messung von photometrischen Gren einiger wicht
27、iger radiometrischer Gren verwendet werden, werden beschrieben und ber die Ergebnisse einiger grerer internationaler Vergleichsmessungen solcher Gren wird kurz berichtet. -v- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION
28、1 2. PHYSICAL AND SUBJECTIVE ASPECTS OF PHOTOMETRY 1 1 1 2 3 2.1. Primary aim of photometry . 2.2, Physical aspects of photometry 2.3. Subjective aspects of photometry 2.4. The compromise of physical photometry 3. RADIANT FLUX, LUMINOUS FLUX, AND THE CONVENTIONS OF PHOTOMETRY 3 3.1. Radiant flux and
29、 its spectral concentration 3 3.2. CIE Standard Photometric Observer . 3 3.3. Luminous flux 4 3.4. Three conventions of photometry 6 3.5. Numerical integrations . 6 4. OTHER RADIOMETRIC AND PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES . 6 4.1. Radiant intensity and luminous intensity 6 4.2. Radiance and luminance. . 7 4.
30、3. Irradiance and illuminance. . 7 4.4. Radiant exitance and luminous exitance. 7 4.5. Plancks law and distribution temperature. 8 5. VISUAL BASIS OF PHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY . 8 5.1. Basis of the V(X) function . 9 5.2. Basis of the V(X) function 9 9 5.3. Some limitations of photometry based on V(X) and
31、V(X) alone . 6. BROAD-BAND, SPECTRORADIOMETRIC AND VISUAL PHOTOMETRY 10 6.1. Broad-band photometry 10 6.2. Spectroradiometric photometry . 10 6.3. Visual photometry. 10 7. PHYSICALSTANDARDS . 11 7.1. Standards of total luminous flux. 11 7.2. Standards of illuminance and luminous intensity . II 7.3.
32、Standardsofluminance 11 7.4. Standards of spectral radiance. 11 7.5. Standards of spectral irradiance . 12 7.6. Standards of distribution temperature 12 7.7. Cavity radiators. 12 7.8. Electrically calibrated radiometers unit : watt, W) are synonyms for power emitted, transferred, or received in the
33、form of radiation. The spectral concentration of a radiometric quantity is usually stated in terms of the wavelength, A.lt is then defined as the quotient of the radiometric quantity, taken over an infinitesimal range on either side of a given wavelength, by the range. The spectral concentration of
34、radiant flux, also called the spectral radiant flux, can therefore be represented by d9JdX and its unit is watt per metre (W.m-). The expression +,A is sometimes used as an abbreviation for d+,/dX. The radiant flux 9, of a radiation having a known spectral distribution of radiant flux (A) is given b
35、y the integral 03 = 9c.hO) dA. (2) O 3.2. CIE STANDARD PHOTOMETRIC OBSERVER The intensity of the luminous sensation produced by a monochromatic radiation depends infer alia upon the wavelength of the radiation. It is possible to define a dimensionless quantity that indicates how the luminous efficie
36、ncy of radiation varies with wavelength. The spectral luminous efficiency (of a monochromatic radiation of wavelength A) is the ratio of the radiant flux at wavelength A, to that at wavelength A such that both radiations produce equally intense luminous sensations under specified photometric conditi
37、ons and A, is chosen so that the maximum value of this ratio is equal to I. Experience has shown that measurements of spectral luminous efficiency are affected by many factors - the choice of observer, the state of adaptation of the eye, the angular size and retinal location of the visual field, and
38、 so on s. In order to provide a standard basis for the comparison of radiations having different wave- lenghts the CIE has adopted two particular functions of spectral luminous efficiency that are defined by tabulated values. These are the V(A) function that applies for photopic vision, and the V(A)
39、 function that applies for scotopic vision. The CIE has not yet adopted a corresponding function or set of functions for mesopic vision, though it is investigating certain objective procedures proposed for this type of vision (see Section 5.3.). The V(,)funclion forphotopic vision is defined by the
40、values given in Table II (see page 15) at wavelength intervals of 1 nm over the the range 360 to 830 nm. Linear interpolation should be used when values are required for intermediate wavelengths. The definitive values for V(X) were adopted by the CIE in 1970 and by the CIPM in 1972 7. They were deri
41、ved by interpolation, extrapolation, and smoothing from earlier -3- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 18.2 83 9006145 0000665 243 values for V(X) adopted by the CIE in 1924 and 19319. The V(X) function has its maximum value, unity, at the
42、Wavelength 555 nm. The values of V(X) are identical to those of the colour matching functionJ(X), used in defining the CIE i931 Standard Colorimetric Observer O. The Vfi) function forscotopic vision is defined by the values given in Table III (see page 23) at wavelength intervals of i nm over the ra
43、nge 380 to 780 nm. Linear interpolation should be used when values are required for intermediate wavelengths. The definitive values for V(X) were adopted by the CIE in 1951 l1 and by the CIPM in 1976 12. The L(A) function has its maximum value, unity, over the wavelength range 506 to 508 nm. Figure
44、1 shows the functions V(X) and L(A) plotted against the wavelength X. A detector of radiation whose relative spectral responsivity curve conforms to the V(X) function (or to the V(X) function) may be referred to as a CIE Standard Photometric Observer for photopic (or scotopic) vision. Physical detec
45、tors can be made to conform very closely to these observers, by the use of well- designed optical filters or by other techniques. The human visual organ conforms approximately in the case of normal observers, under certain visual conditions discussed in Section 5. Figure I. The spectral luminous eff
46、iciency functions, V(h) for photopic vision and V(X) for scotopic vision, plotted against the wavelength X. 3.3. LUMINOUS FLUX. Luminous flux is the most convenient quantity in photometry to consider first because it has the simplest relationship with radiant flux. It is defined formally in Appendix
47、 A. Luminousflux (symbols : p, for photopic vision, ; for scotopic vision; unit : lumen, lm) is derived from radiant flux by using one of the CIE spectral luminous efficiency functions to weight each spectral compo- nent and then applying a scaling factor. -4- COPYRIGHT International Commission on I
48、lluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 18.2 83 900bLY5 0000666 L8T For photopic vision it follows that the luminous flux %v of a radiation whose spectral distribution of radiant flux is +e,A(X) can be expressed by the equation 30 nm *v = !a“m *JW V) dX (3) where K, is the scaling f
49、actor and is known as the maximum spectral luminous efficacy of radiation forpho- topic vision. As shown in Appendix B, (3a) K, = 683.002 lm.W- 2: 683 1m.W-. For scotopic vision the luminous flux +i is related to the spectral distribution of radiant flux +e,(X) by the similar equation P 780 nm = Km 1 ae,(X) V(X) dX 380 nm (4) where Km is the maximum spectral luminous efficacy of radiation for scotopic vision. As shown in Appendix B, KL = 1700.06 1m.W-1 = 170
