CIE 201-2011 RECOMMENDATIONS ON MINIMUM LEVELS OF SOLAR UV EXPOSURE《暴露于太阳紫外线的最低水平建议》.pdf

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1、 RECOMMENDATIONS ON MINIMUM LEVELS OF SOLAR UV EXPOSURE CIE 201:2011 UDC: 612.014.481-06 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects on humans 535.31 Ultraviolet rays ISBN 978 3 902842 39 8 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an organisation d

2、evoted to international co-operation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objectives of the CIE are: 1. To provide an international forum for th

3、e discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of light and lighting. 3. To provide guidance

4、in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 4. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of

5、light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organisations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardisation and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried on by seven Divisions each with about 20

6、Technical Committees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held every four years at which the

7、 work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognised as the authority on all aspects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organisations. LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAG

8、E La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux reprsentant environ 40 p

9、ays. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : 1. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. 2. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtr

10、ologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4. De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et autres textes, concer

11、nant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la normalisation et

12、lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par 7 Divisions, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techniques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques labors par ce

13、s Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui

14、 concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internationalen Zusammenarbe

15、it und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind : 1. Ein internationaler Mittelpunkt fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf de

16、m Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Messtechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vor

17、gngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. 5. Liaison und

18、technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird in 7 Divisionen, jede mit etwa 20 Technischen Komitees, geleistet. Diese Arbeit betri

19、fft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind auf der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Alle vier Jahre findet eine Session statt, in der die Arbeiten der Divi

20、sionen berprft, berichtet und neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. Published by the COMMISSION INTERNA

21、TIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 0, Fax: +43(1)714 31 87 18 e-mail: ciecbcie.co.at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/ CIE 2011 - All rights reserved RECOMMENDATIONS ON MINIMUM LEVELS OF SOLAR UV EXPOSURE CIE 201:2011 UDC: 612.014.481-06 Descr

22、iptor: Optical radiation effects on humans 535.31 Ultraviolet rays ISBN 978 3 902842 39 8 CIE 201:2011 II This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-58 of Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry“ and has been approved by the Board of Administration of the Commission Int

23、ernationale de lEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this

24、 document is advisory and not mandatory. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 6-58 de la Division 6 “Photobiologie et Photochimie“ et a t approuv par le Bureau de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage, pour tude et emploi. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience

25、actuelles dans le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom Technischen Komitee CIE 6-58. der Div

26、ision 6 “Photobiologie und Photochemie“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglie

27、der und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time

28、of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen

29、bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, besteht die Mglichkeit, dass diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2011 - All rights reserved CIE 201:2011 III The following members of TC 6-58 “A Recom

30、mendation on Lower Limits for UV Exposure” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry”. Berwick, M. United States of America Brand, A. Netherlands (Secretary) Engelsen, O. Norway de Gruijl, F.R. Netherlands Halliday, G

31、. Australia Mason, R.S. Australia Meffert, H. Germany Moan, J. Norway Passchier, W.F. Netherlands (Chair) Sayre, R.M. United States of America Strange, R.C. United Kingdom Webb, A. United Kingdom CIE 201:2011 IV CONTENTS Summary VI Rsum VI Zusammenfassung . VII Part I: Guidelines 1 I-1 Introduction

32、1 I-1.1 Background 1 I-1.2 Terms of Reference 1 I-1.3 Report 1 I-2 Conclusions and Guidance . 2 I-2.1 Objective 2 I-2.2 Beneficial Health Impacts . 2 I-2.3 Findings . 2 I-2.3.1 Evidence Levels 2 I-2.3.2 Evidence for Health Effects Mediated by Vitamin D . 3 I-2.3.3 Evidence for Health Effects not Une

33、quivocally Related to Vitamin D Status . 3 I-2.3.4 Basis . 4 I-2.3.5 Relevant Solar (UV) Exposure . 4 I-2.3.6 Balancing Beneficial and Damaging Health Effects of UV Exposure 5 Annex I-A Recommendations from Others . 7 Annex I-B IARC Recommendations . 8 References (Part I) . 10 Part II: Reviews of Sc

34、ientific Data that Underpin the Guidance in Part I . 12 II-1 Overview of Vitamin D Photochemistry . 12 II-1.1 Literature 12 II-1.2 Overview 12 II-1.3 Action Spectrum . 13 II-1.4 Relationship between UV Exposure and Vitamin D Activity . 15 II-1.5 Comparative Effect of Diet and UV Exposure on Serum Ca

35、lcidiol Levels . 16 II-1.6 Seasonal and Latitudinal Effects on Vitamin D Synthesis the Vitamin D Winter . 18 II-1.7 Online Facilities 19 II-2 Vitamin D and Bone 19 II-2.1 Overview 19 II-2.2 Evidence Characterization 20 II-2.3 Nature of the Relationship 21 II-3 Vitamin D and Cancer. 22 II-3.1 Colon C

36、ancer . 23 II-3.2 Breast Cancer 25 II-3.3 Prostate Cancer 26 II-3.4 Other Cancers 28 II-3.4.1 Lymphomas . 28 II-3.4.2 Lung Cancer . 29 CIE 201:2011 V II-3.4.3 Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma (CMM) 29 II-3.4.4 Head and Neck Cancer . 29 II-4 Vitamin D Status and Type 2 Diabetes . 29 II-4.1 Overview 29 II

37、-4.2 Summary of Papers and Bibliography . 30 II-4.2.1 Human Studies 30 II-4.2.2 Cellular and Animal Studies 35 II-5 Vitamin D and the Neural System . 37 II-5.1 Overview 37 II-5.2 Studies on the Relationship between Vitamin D and the Neural System 38 II-5.3 Evidence for a Role of Vitamin D in Brain D

38、evelopment 42 II-5.4 Behavioural Studies Inferring a Role for Vitamin D in the Brain . 43 II-5.5 Human Observational Studies Concerning Vitamin D Status or Supplement Use and Schizophrenia . 45 II-5.6 Epilepsy . 45 II-6 UV, Vitamin D and Other Diseases . 46 II-6.1 Hypertension (Peripheral Arterial B

39、lood Pressure) 46 II-6.1.1 Overview . 46 II-6.1.2 Evidence . 47 II-6.2 Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain . 47 II-6.2.1 Overview . 47 II-6.2.2 Evidence . 47 II-6.3 Wellbeing, Fitness 48 II-6.3.1 Overview . 48 II-6.3.2 Evidence . 48 II-7 Investigating a Relationship between Vitamin D and Infection. 48 II-7

40、.1 Literature Retrieval . 48 II-7.2 Research Reports Retrieved . 49 II-7.3 Conclusion . 53 II-8 Survey of Beneficial Effects of Natural Solar Radiation on Immunity and Autoimmunity 54 II-8.1 Immunity . 54 II-8.1.1 Contact Sensitivity 54 II-8.1.2 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 54 II-8.1.3 Tumour Immun

41、ity 55 II-8.1.4 Infectious Agents 55 II-8.2 Autoimmunity 57 II-8.2.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . 57 II-8.2.2 Polymorphus Light Eruption (PLE) . 57 II-8.2.3 Actinic Prurigo . 58 II-8.2.4 Dermatomyositis . 58 II-8.2.5 Multiple Sclerosis 58 II-8.2.6 Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus 58 II-8.2.7 Rh

42、eumatoid Arthritis 58 II-8.3 Conclusions 58 References (Part II) 61 CIE 201:2011 VI RECOMMENDATIONS ON MINIMUM LEVELS OF SOLAR UV EXPOSURE Summary This Technical Report addresses the issue of sensible exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The scientific evidence of beneficial effects of sola

43、r exposure has been reviewed, in particular on the incidence and mortality to cancers other than skin cancer. Although the evidence is not unequivocal, the committee has found considerable evidence to deem it plausible that solar exposure may reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer.

44、The evidence for similar effects on breast and prostate cancer and on melanoma is less, but such effects are considered as plausible, too. Possibly the production of vitamin D plays a role in this respect. Based on a review of the evidence of both the beneficial and the harmful effects of solar expo

45、sures it is concluded that people should not shun the sun, even not at noon. However, levels well below sunburn thresholds are generally sufficient to profit from the beneficial effects of solar exposure. Public health guidance should be developed on the basis of this evidence, but account should al

46、so be taken of prevailing solar UV levels that depend on latitude and time of the year and day. Special guidance may be necessary for dark skinned people that live at moderate latitudes and people that cover most of their bodies for cultural or religious reasons. The same holds for people who stay m

47、ost of the time indoors. The amount of solar exposure commensurate with good health depends on individual and population characteristics, as indicated above. To facilitate public health guidance it is recommended to extend the concept of the UV index promulgated by the World Health Organization to i

48、nclude the beneficial effects of solar exposure. The report is split into two parts: The first part (Part I) gives guidance for a sensible exposure regime to profit from beneficial health impacts from moderate solar (UV) exposure, the second part (Part II) is a review of scientific data that underpi

49、n the guidance in Part I. RECOMMANDATIONS CONCERNANT LES NIVEAUX MINIMUMS DEXPOSITION AUX RADIATIONS SOLAIRES UV Rsum Ce rapport technique concerne la problmatique de lexposition raisonnable aux radiations solaires ultraviolettes (UV). Les preuves scientifiques deffets bnfiques de lexposition solaire ont t examines, en particulier sur lincidence et la mortalit des cancers autres que les cancers cutans. Bien que les preuves ne soient

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