1、CIE 55 83 9006145 O002374 398 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE 1 $CLAIRAGE INTERNA TIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNA TIONALE BEL EUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION DISCOMFORT GLARE IN THE INTERIOR WORKING ENVIRONMENT PUBLICATION CIE No 55 (TC-3.4) 1983 COM M IS SI ON I NT ERN AT1 ON A LE D E L CLAI RAG E 52, B
2、OULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 3.4 Discomfort Glare. It has been approved by the majority of the Technical Committee and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved b
3、y the National Committees of the Member Countries of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE Journal should be consulted regarding the current status of this report and possible subsequent amendments. Ce ra
4、pport a t prpar par le Comit Technique 3.4 blouissement inconfortable de la CIE. I1 a t approuv par la majorit du Comit Technique et il est recommand pour tude et application. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandation officielle de la CIE, approuve par les Comits Nationaux des Pays Mem- bres de la CIE.
5、 I1 doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne titre de conseil et non dobligation. En ce qui concerne la situation prsente de ce Rapport et dventuelles modifications, il faut consulter le plus rcent Compte Rendu de Session ou Journal de la CIE. Dieser Bericht wurde vom Technischen-K
6、omitee 3.4 Psychologische Blendung der CIE erarbeitet. Er wurde durch die Mehrheit des Technischen Komitees gebilligt und wird zum Studium und zur Anwendung empfoh- len. Dieser Bericht ist keine offiziell anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, der die Nationalen Komitees der Mit- gliedslnder der CIE zugestimmt
7、haben. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, da jede Empfehlung in diesem Bericht als Anleitung dient und nicht verbindlich ist. Was den gegenwrtigen Status dieses Berichtes und mgliche Nachfolge-Ausgaben angeht, ziehe man die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE-Journal zu Rate. Copyright : Commission In
8、ternationale de lclairage 1983 ISBN 92-9034-055-X - II - CIE 55 83 OObL45 000237b LbO FOREWORD The existence of discomfort glare in interior lighting cannot be ignored, nor the problem under-estimated in terms of loss of visual efficiency. For as the 1976 Australian Code says so succinctly : “Experi
9、ence has shown that when inefficiency, eye-fatigue, spoilt work or accidents are blamed on the light- ing installation, failure to meet one or more of the quality recommendations is usually the true cause of the trouble.” The limitation of discomfort glare is one of the major quality aspects of any
10、lighting installation. Following the 12th Session of the CIE, held in Stockholm in 195 1, Committee E3.1.1.2. Estimation of Com- fort in Lighting was formed and the secretariat allocated to Australia. Here, a small committee chaired by Mr. W.I. Stewart, prepared a long and detailed report for the CI
11、E 13th Session at Zurich in 1955. Amongst other things, this report referred to a pioneer luminance limit system (evolved by Lowson and Dresler from the Harrison-Meaker Glare Index system) then in preparation for the Australian 1957 Lighting Code and a formula, proposed by the National Illumination
12、Committee of Great Britain, for a “glare constant” develo- ped at the Building Research Station in England. The Report concluded with a formal proposal, “that the CIE should undertake preparation of International Tables for the evaluation of direct discomfort glare from lighting fittings”. The Commi
13、ttee also tried to establish some definition of “comfort in lighting” and found this a very diffi- cult task. There was considerable division of opinion amongst the Committee as to whether “comfort” can be defined in terms of “absence of comfort”, or whether the positive aspects of comfort should al
14、so be con- sidered. Because of the difficulty in resolving this dilemma, the Committee suggested a twofold approach to the problem : (u) to pursue a study of the fundamentals of the aesthetic, psychological and physiological aspects of glare (6) at the same time develop a method of evaluation and co
15、ntrol which would be internationally acceptable. These proposals were well received at Zurich, and it was agreed they should be followed up. This task was undertaken by Dr S.K. Guth, and the Secretariat was re-allocated to the USA, where it remained for the next four quadrennia. During this period,
16、not much progress was made with objective a). To quote from the Secretariat report for Vienna (1963), “The physiological basis of discomfort glare has not been given as much attention as it deserv- es. What has been done by several investigators appears to be rather conflicting.” Again, the Washingt
17、on (1967) report stated, “In comparison with the period before 1963, there were perhaps fewer truly fundamen- tal investigations . many papers dealt with analyses and computational procedures and thus were aimed towards developing discomfort glare evaluation systems. On the other hand, Dr Guth was a
18、ble to make much progress with objective b), and by 1971 had fully developed his Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) method, now officially adopted in North America. In the meantime, however, other countries had been studying the same problem and other new national systems had emerged independently, no
19、tably the British Glare Index system (1961) based on research by Dr R.G. Hopkinson, the German luminance limiting system (1965) of Dr H. Bodmann and Dr G. Sllner, the Russian system of Yepaneshnikov and in Czechoslovakia of Netusil. For this reason, when the Discomfort Glare Secretariat returned to
20、Australia after the 1971 Session in Barcelona, the first objective was to study the existing systems and try to combine the best points of each into a single universally acceptable system. Much work was done on this project, but whilst a universally accepted, self-contained, CIE method is a desi- ra
21、ble objective, it seems difficult to realize. Those countries which have incorporated a glare limiting system into their quality of lighting recommenda- tions have, in general, either adopted a method developed in that country or adopted from a country for which there is some national or cultural sy
22、mpathy. Once the method has been formally adopted, it is invar- iably embodied into a national lighting code or even legislation. Thus the multiplicity of methods combined with national preference have made it difficult to obtain agreement on a universal self contained CIE method. and - III - CIE 55
23、 83 9006145 0002377 UT7 M At the CIE 18th Session, in London (1975), it was therefore decided that the committee should turn its atten- tion to the production of a computerisable glare formula incorporating the known facts, and leave each country free to produce its own system of rules for its natio
24、nal code and other purposes. Dr H.D. Einhorn of South Africa undertook to draft such a formula. During the 1975-1979 quadrennium the major task of the Committee was towards the continuing study of the various national glare evaluation systems and the development of a comprehensive computer based gla
25、re formula and the production of this Technical Report. At the Intersessional Meeting, held in London in April 1978, Dr Einhorn unveiled his proposed CIE Glare Index formula. It was considered that the glare index formula has a marked advantage over other systems, in that it can be applied to a wide
26、r range of installa- tions than any simplified system because it specifically includes all the major parameters of the installation. The purpose of this Technical Report is to affirm what is the “state of the art” regarding the control of dis- comfort glare from ceiling mounted artificial lighting l
27、uminaires. Although the Report does suggest that the Einhorn formula can be used for large area sources, it should not be interpreted as being suitable for assess- ing glare from windows. It includes a discussion of accepted basic principles; a description of the currently recognized systems and Dr
28、Einhorns proposed computer based mathematical model. In addition there are several appendices which cover such matters as existing national systems; comparison of research work; determination of relevant parameters; methods of transforming glare numbers and a comprehensive biblio- graphy. Appendix C
29、 deals in some detail with determination of average luminance of a luminaire. This matter was discussed at considerable length at both the Intersessional Meeting in London in March 1974 and again at the Presessional Meeting to the CIE 18th Session, 1975. There was general agreement that division of
30、inten- sity by projected area seems satisfactory in principle, even when the luminaire has a non-uniform luminance in a specific direction. The major problem has been to establish what parts to include in the projected area of the luminaire, when large sections of the latter have a very low luminanc
31、e. Nevertheless, this method does appear to give reasonable representation of the “effective” source luminance for the installation. It is generally acknowledged that in a modern industrial society there is a need to limit discomfort glare. This requires quantitative rules. However as glare is essen
32、tially a psychological phenomena, the question aris- es, which set of rules? Obviously any system must conform to the fundamental requirements of giving results which are in accordance with actual observation; sufficient precision to distinguish between different installations and be easy to apply i
33、n every day practice. Likewise it is generally accepted that the major “sim- ple” systems do conform to these criteria. However each system does have its critics and their arguments are well documented in the various national technical journals. It is the opinion of the Committee that it is not the
34、function of this report to criticize the various systems, but rather to make known the salient features of each system in such a manner that any country wishing to incorporate a glare limitation system into a nation- al code, may adopt the system which is most appropriate to current practice in that
35、 country. - IV - CIE 55 83 .I 9006145 0002378 T33 Members of Technical Committee 3.4 K. POULTON W. EGGER M. DE CLERCQ G. DIKANAVAROV W. ADRIAN H. J. JACOBSEN E. KASURINEN P. CHAUVEL A. STOCKMAR E. ROWLANDS E. GELLERI L.R. RONCHI H. MANABE J. VERMEULEN J. BAK R.P. CARDOSO E. SUFRIM H. EINHORN J. ARIA
36、S H.A. LOFBERG J. McNELIS G.N. UNDASYNOV v. TRNOK R. BJGRKLUND Australia, Chairman Austria Belgium Bulgaria Canada Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany, Federal Republic Great Britain Hungary Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rumania South Africa Spain Sweden USA USSR -v- CIE 5
37、5 83 aSi 9006345 O002379 7T SUMMARY This report is firstly a state of the art review of discomfort glare in the interior working environment. Secondly, it propos- es a CIE mathematical model, or system, for the prediction of discomfort glare from lighting installations. The first part of the report
38、contains a review of basic principles, of methods of glare control and of glare prediction systems used in various countries. The second part contains a critical review of research and of major current prediction systems. This leads to the proposed CIE system, into which current knowledge has been a
39、ssimilated as far as possible. Whilst the report is not intended to be the final statement on the subject, there has been considerable research in recent times such that it is considered desirable by the CIE that this report be published. It will assist countries in revising their established system
40、s and assist countries which have not yet adopted a particular system. The report should also assist lighting students and others associated with lighting, such as architects and consultants, in understanding the phenome- non of discomfort glare and its control. RSUM En premier lieu, ce rapport fait
41、 le point sur la question de lblouissement inconfortable considr comme facteur de lenvironnement des personnes travaillant lintrieur. De plus, ce rapport propose un modle ou systme mathmatique CIE pour la prvision de lblouissement inconfortable provoqu par les installations dclairage. La premire par
42、tie du rapport comporte une revue : des principes de base, des methodes de limitation de lblouissement et des systmes de pr- vision de lblouissement, mis en uvre dans diffrents pays. La seconde partie constitue un examen critique des recher- ches et des principaux systmes de prvision couramment util
43、iss. Ceci conduit au systme CIE propos, dans lequel les connaissances classiques ont t, autant que possible, prises en compte. Quoique ce rapport ne constitue pas un tat final de la question, il a t jug souhaitable par la CIE de le publier en raison du travail de recherche considrable effectu rcemme
44、nt. I1 aidera les divers pays soit rviser les sytmes quils utilisent, soit en tablir un sils nen possdent pas. Ce rapport pourra aussi servir aux tudiants et autres personnes sintressant lclairage, telles que architectes et ingnieurs conseil, en leur permettant de comprendre le phnomttne de Iblouiss
45、e- ment inconfortable et la manire de le limiter. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Bericht ist in erster Linie ein berblick ber den derzeitigen Wissensstand auf dem Gebiet der Psychologischen Blendung im Bereich der Beleuchtung von Arbeitsrumen. Darber hinaus schlgt er ein mathematisches CIE-Model, oder - Sys
46、tem, zu Vorhersage der psychologischen Blendung von Lichtanlagen vor. Der erste Teil des Berichtes enthlt einen berblick ber Grundlagen, Methoden zur Blendungsbegrenzung und Blen- dungsvorhersagen, die in verschiedenen Lndern angewendet werden. Der zweite Teil enthlt einen kritischen berblick ber Fo
47、rschung und bedeutendere benutzte Vorhersagemethoden. Dies fhrt zu dem vorgeschlagenen CIE-System, in dem das vorhandene Wissen so weit wie mglich verwertet wurde. Wenn auch der Bericht nicht dafr vorgesehen ist, die letzte Aussage aud diesem Gebiet zu machen, SO ist doch beach- tenswerte Forschung
48、in den letzten Jahren betrieben worden, so da3 es von der CIE als wnschenswert betrachtet wurde, diesen Bericht zu verffentlichen. Er wird den Lndern helfen, ihre eingebrgerten Systeme zu berdenken, und er wird auch den Lndern helfen, die noch kein spezielles System angenommen haben. Der Bericht sol
49、lte auch Studenten und anderen Personen, die mit der Litcht- technik verbunden sind, wie Architekten und Beratern, helfen die Erscheinungen der psychologischen Blendung und ihrer Kontrolle zu verstehen. - VI - CIE 55 83 3006145 0002380 691 I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page numbers PART A. BASIC PRINCIPLES, RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF GLARE CONTROL . 1 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GLARE CONTROL 1 1.1 NatureofClare 1 1.2. Factors Controlling Discomfort Glare 1 1.3. Glare
