1、 CIE 57 83 9006345 0002432 83T COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNA TIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINA TION INTERNA TIONALE BEL EUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION LIGHTING FOR FOOTBALL PUBLICATION CIE No 57 (1983) BUREAU CENTRAL DE LA CIE 52, BOULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE COPYRIGHT International
2、Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services - - CIE 57 83 W 9006145 0002433 756 W This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4.4 Sports Lighting. It has been approved by the majority of the Technical Committee and is recommended,for study and application. This r
3、eport is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees of the Member Countries of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE Journal should be consulted regarding the current
4、status of this report and possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport a t prepar par le Comit Technique 44 Eclairage pour la Practique des Sports de la CIE. If a t approuv par la majorit du Comit Technique et il est recommand pour tude et appl :cation. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandation officiell
5、e de la CIE, approuvee par les Cornit light delivered to the playing area - colour of the light and colour rendering - run-up and re-stri ke characteristics - hours of use per annum - initial cost and operating cost Tungsten halogen, metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps can all be considered
6、for these types of installations but for the higher illuminance requirements, tungsten halogen lamps will be uneconomical except for low hours use per annum. If there is the possibility that an installation will be upgraded to meet colour television standards at a later date, then high pressure sodi
7、um lamps are unsuitable and only metal halide should be considered. For detailed information for lighting of sports events for colour television refer to CIE Publication No. 28 (1975). 4. LIGHTING TECHNIQUES 4.1. MOUNTING SYSTEMS There are basically two lighting systems for sports pitches: four corn
8、er tower arrangements, in which the floodlights are mounted on four high towers placed in the vicinity of the extended diagonals of the pitch or side-lighting arrangements, where the floodlights are usually at a lower mounting height and are positioned at the sides of the area. There are two version
9、s of the latter system which need to be identified: -3- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 57 83 9006345 0002440 776 (a) Floodlights on columns or masts with groups of luminaires mounted on 2, (b) Floodlights in line, mounted on stand roofs
10、 or gantries in such a way 3 or 4 columns on the long sides of the pitch. that they form lines running parallel to the touchlines. 4.1.1. Corner tower: floodlight location Figure 2 shows the angular construction which enables acceptable flood1 ight locationsoto be arrived at. The tower height should
11、 allow the lowest floodlights to be at least 20 above the centre of the pitch.oGlare to players and spectators can be reduced by increasing the angle up to the proportion of vertical to horizontal illumfnance is reduced. The 5 offset at the centre of the touchline is a minimum value which ensures so
12、me vertical illuminance on players standing on the near touchline. By increasing the angle, glare to players moving toward the goal line is reduced and the vertical illuminance component is increased substantially. A practical limitation to increasing this angle is the likelihood of a stand roof obs
13、tructing the floodlighting and casting a shadow on to the pitch, see Section 4.3. The 15O offset at the goal mouth is primarily intended to limit glare to the player in the goal area when a corner kick is being taken. 30 but beyond this the tower costs becornoexcessive and I Towers sited on pitch di
14、agonals where possible. Figure 2. Perspective layout for a four tower ins tal 1 a tion These two angular limits define an area in which any tower position is acceptable but ideally all towers should be as close as possible to the extended diagonals of the pitch. To ensure even coverageoof the corner
15、s of the pitch, the lowest row of floodlights should not be greater than distance from the corner of the pitch to the base of the tower. In practice, site conditions frequently place severe limitations on the location of towers, and in arriving at a compromise solution the above factors should be bo
16、rne in mind . 70 from the corner, which effectively defines a minimum -4- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services4.1.2. Side lighting: floodlight location Figure 3 shows the recommended siting for this system and applies equally to floodlights moun
17、ted in 2, 3 or 4 groups or in near continuous lines. a=min 2O:preferreb 25: =min 45. max 75. Figure 3. Floodlight mounting height for stadium side-lighting. A minimum angle of 200 at the pitch centre can only be used for areas where increased glare is permissible eg. practice pitches. The minimum an
18、gie (a=20) above the longitudinal axis of the pitch, should only be considered for training pitches and other low grade installations due to the minimum degree of glare control assuming floodlights areoused which give a fast run back in intensity about the peak. The objective of is preferred as this
19、 floodlight elevation allows acceptable glare control with a high proportion of vertical plane i 11 uminance. Al though 1 arger angles wi 11 increase glare control the vertical i 1 1 umi nance component will be reduced and mast and gantry costs will rise sharply. It is also unlikely that stand roofs
20、 will be high enough to achieve higher angles, even when they are structurally capable of supporting the floodlightfng equipment. The angle 8 definesothe floodlight elevation above the near touchline and this should not be greater than 75 if an adequate balance between horizontal and vertical illumi
21、nance is to be achieved at the touchline. Where a stand roof edge precludes meeting these angular limits, floodlights can be mounted under the roof or other special measures must be taken. Figure 4 shows the siting of 3 or 4 groups on each side of the pitch. Where is 7500to 60, 4 groups are necessar
22、y to ensure acceptable uniformity of illuminance.oidhere B is 60 to 450 the use of 3 masts per side can be considered. As B approaches towers which satisfy the recommended value of 0, becomes similar to that required for corner tower systems and in fact, two towers per side, can be used successfully
23、 in the side mounted position. 25 45 the height of the Figure 5 shows the arrangement of near continuous lines of floodlights and illustrates how the line may extend beyond the goal line in order to maintain the illuminance at the ends of the pitch. Where this solution is not practicable, the floodl
24、ights at the ends must be installed on closer fixing centres with extended spacing at the centre of the line. -5- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services4 group layout 20r 3 group layout o. U U 3 /, ,. SI .- O I. . 1, - o o Figure 4. Layout for sta
25、dium side-lighting installation showing alternative arrangements of groups per side. . . . Figure 5. Layout for stadium side-lighting installation with near-continuous lines of floodlights. -6- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services4.2. GLARE CONT
26、ROL The ways in which mounting height and floodlight position within the field of view affect glare control have already been discussed in the preceding section. However, there are a number of other relevant factors. For each project the number of floodlights is dictated - within certain limits - by
27、 the illuminance which is specified. With the corner tower systems the number of groups of floodlights is less than for sidelighting and, therefore, they will come into the field of view of players and spectators less frequently. On the other hand the combined intensity from the greater number of fl
28、oodlights on one tower is higher at any point on the pitch than from the smaller number of floodlights in each group or a near continuous line, in sidelighting. Experience indicates that there is little io choose between these two systems. Usually, the choice of the system and the precise location o
29、f masts is dictated more by cost or site conditions rather than lighting considerations. Practical apraisals of installations also suggest that glare is not related to illuminance, for, all other factors being equal, as illuminance increases the adaptation level of the eye increases and the sensatio
30、n of glare is practically unaffected. There remain three other factors which affect glare: the intensity distribution of the floodlights, the aiming of the floodlights, the brightness of the pitch surroundings. 4.2.1. F1 oodl i ghti ng intensity di s tri bu ti on With either corner tower or sideligh
31、ting systems, the floodlights which are aimed to light the pitch areas farthest from the floodl ight position mustoprovide a narrow angle beam which falls to l/lOth peak intensity in not more than intensity. Spill light beyond this limit should not be excessive as this can also be a cause of glare.
32、4.2.2. Floodlight aiming For the requirements in Section 4.2.1. to be effective the floodlights must be aimed accurately and maintained in their designed positions throughout the life of the installation, As far as the players are concerned the goal-keeper is clearly in the most vulnerable position,
33、 with respect to glare, and for the spectator, the positions in the front of the public area at the side of the pitch or behind the goal present the worst viewing conditions. When devising limitations for floodlight aiming, in order to control glare, these positions should be used to set the limitin
34、g criteria. 12 above the peak 4.2.3. Surround brightness The apparent brightness of the floodlights as seen by the players and spectators depends on the gradient of the brightness which is experienced when the eye moves from the bright pitch to the floodlights. Where the pitch is surrounded by stand
35、s, terraces, or fences, which have a moderate reflectance, the effect of glare is very much reduced so long as these areas receive approximately a quarter of the average pitch illuminance. It is, therefore, important that the stand structure should not be dark in colour. This illuminance value can u
36、sually be achieved by the spill light from a well aimed installation with floodlights meeting the intensity control requirement stated in Section 4.2.1. Low surround brightness is a common problem on small grounds which do not have stands and terraces. Little can be done to raise the surrounding bri
37、ghtness. It has been observed, however, that a low, light coloured fence surrounding these pitches can significantly enhance the visual effectiveness of the floodl ighting. -7- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services4.3. SHADOWS FROM STAND STRUCTUR
38、ES With corner tower systems, it is important to check that the stand structure does not obstruct the light. Figure 6 shows how to predict the position of a roof shadow, which will appear as a line parallel, to the leading edge of a flat roof. Wherever possible, the position of the light source shou
39、ld be chosen to avoid shadows on the pleying area, but where they are unavoidable, supplementary floodlights will be required to fill in the shadow. In practice, it is almost impossible to entirely eliminate a shadow, but the best results are achieved where the direction of the fill light is as clos
40、e as possible to that of the main floodlighting system. ELEVATION - TOWER PLAN Figure 6. Determination of shadow areas. Partial obstruction of the light starts at point *P* and is complete at point Q. The shadow area should be considered from poi nt P . 4.4. SPORTS OTHER THAN FOOTBALL The lighting t
41、echniques described are generally applicable to most large outdoor sports areas and these recommendations can be used for athletics stadia, where the pitch is surrounded by a running track as in Figure 7. The same principles are also valid for pitches for rugby-football , hockey, lacross, American a
42、nd Australian football and show rings for equestrian events, tattoos and pageants, etc. -8- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 57 83 7006345 0002445 478 I P 1 Figure 7. Extended side lighting system for at hl et i cs stad i um. 5. INSTALLAT
43、ION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 5.1. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION When adjustable floodlights have been installed and aimed their positions should be marked, so that if they are removed for maintenance or repair, they can easily be returned to their original positions. It is inadvisable to change the a
44、iming of the floodlights from time to time for other sports activities, i.e. pitch and track events. Experience shows that accurate re-aiming is both time consuming and costly and in these cases it is advisable to install two separate lighting systems which are switched as required. Masts and their
45、foundations should comply with any local regulations that apply to these types of installation and they must be inaccessible to unauthorised persons. It mast nevertheless be possible to service the luminaires without hazard. 5.2 - MAINTENANCE The luminaires should be cleaned regularly and the lamps,
46、 luminaires or ballasts which have ceased to function or show excessive depreciation should be changed individually to ensure that the illuminance continues to comply with the specification. Group replacement of the lamps combined with cleaning has the advantages of reducing labour costs for lamp re
47、placement and reduces the chance of lamp failures during the season. The lowest acceptabie value of average illuminance over the playing area should be established for each installation based upon local conditions, and this will dictate the maintenance policy to be adopted. -9- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services
