1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 17166 CIE S 007/E First edition 1999-12-15 Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose Spectre daction rythmale de rfrence et dose rythmale normalise Reference number IS0 17166:1999(E) CIE S 007/E-1998 o IS0 1999 IS0 171 66:1999(E) o IS0 1999 All rights r
2、eserved. Unless otherwise specified, no pari of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56
3、 CH-I21 1 Genve 20 Switzerland Internet isoiso.ch II IS0 171 66:1999(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 tech
4、nical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non- governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closel
5、y with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standard IS0 17166 was prepared as Standard CIE S 007/E by the International Commission on Illumination, which has been recognized by the IS0 Council as an international stand
6、ardizing body. It was adopted by IS0 under a special procedure which requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote, and is published as a joint ISO/CIE edition. The International Commission on Illumination (abbreviated as CIE from its French title) is an organization devoted
7、 to international cooperation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the science and art of lighting. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. O IS0 1999 -All rights reserved . 111 CIE S 007/E-1998 IS0 171 66:1999(E) Standard Erythema
8、 Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose Spectre daction erithmale de rfrence et dose erithmale normalise Erythemale Referenzwirkungsfunktion und standardisierte Erythemdosis CIE Standards are copyrighted and shall not be reproduced in any form, entirely or partly, without the explicit
9、agreement of the CIE. CIE Central Bureau, S 007lE-1998 Kegelgasse 27, A-I 030 Vienna, Austria UDC: 612.014.481 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects on humans 614.898 Protection of the skin CIE S 007/E-1998 IS0 17166:1999(E) Ervthema Reference Action SDectrum and Standard Ervthema Dose Con tents For
10、eword 1. Introduction 2. Scope 3. Normative references 4. Definitions 5. The concept of erythemal irradiance and dose 5.1 Erythemal effective irradiance 5.2 The erythema action spectrum 5.3 The standard erythema dose (erythemal quantity and radiometric equivalence) Annex A Bibliography (Non-normativ
11、e annex) 1 1 1 1 2 4 O CIE, 1998 CIE S 007/E-1998 IS0 17166:1999(E) Ervthema Reference Action SDectrum and Standard Ervthema Dose Foreword Standards produced by the Commission Internationale de lclairage (CIE) are a concise documentation of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which inte
12、rnational harmony requires such unique definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary source of internationally accepted and agreed data, which can be taken, essentially unaitered, into universal standard systems. The CIE undertook a major review of its official recommendations on photobiological
13、 effects, their dose relationships and measurement. Based on these investigations the present standard describes present day knowledge of the subject. This Standard has been approved by the National Committees of the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in Publication CIE 10614 - 1993 (reprin
14、t from ClE-Journal 6l1 17-22 1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. This CIE Standard reflects present day knowledge of UV radiation effect on humans, specially erythema, but does not absolve those carrying out experiments with humans from their responsibil
15、ity for the safety and well being of the subjects involved. 1. Introduction The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude
16、between 250 nm and 400 nm. Thus a statement that a subject received an exposure dose of 1 Jcm-2 (IO4 J.m-2) of UV radiation conveys nothing about the consequences of that exposure in terms of erythema. If the radiation source was a UVA fluorescent lamp, no erythemal response would be seen apart from
17、 in people exhibiting severe, abnormal pathological photosensitivity. The same dose delivered from an unfiitered mercury arc lamp or fluorescent sun-lamp would resuit in marked violaceous erythema in most white skinned individuals. Consequently, photobiologists have long recognised the need to expre
18、ss the exposure as an erythemally-weighted quantit4. Recently the term minimal erythema dose (MED) has been used widely as a measure of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual
19、sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observati
20、onal factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination. To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythem
21、a dose (SED) be used as a standardized measure of erythemogenic UV radiation. 2. Scope This Standard specifies the erythema reference action spectrum (se), and the Standard Erythema Dose (SED). 3. Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
22、constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying most recent editions of the standards indicated bel
23、ow. Members of CIE, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) maintain registers of currently valid international standards. CIE 17.4-1987: CIE 90-1991: Sunscreen testing (UVB). CIE 98-1992: International Lighting Vocabulary - eq
24、uivalent to IEC 50(845) Personal dosimetry of UV radiation. 1 CIE S 007/E-1998 IS0 17166:1999(E) Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose CIE 103/3-1993: Reference action spectra for uitraviolet induced erythema and pigmentation of different human skin (CIE Collection in Photobi
25、ology and Photochemistry). CIE 125-1997: Standard Erythema Dose, a Review. 4. Definitions erythema action spectrum (s,XA) erythemal effective irradiance ( Eer) erythemal effective radiant exposure (Her), also called the effective dose or erythemal dose: minimal erythema dose (MED): standard erythema
26、 dose (SED): ultraviolet radiation (UVR): Spectral dependence of the ability of UV radiation to produce erythema in human skin. Note: It is usual to tabulate and plot the ser(A) normalized to its maximum. Quantity defined by the equation: Eer = . ser (2)d where E, is the spectral irradiance in W.m-2
27、.nm-1 and seXA) is the erythema action spectrum normalized to its maximum. The time integral of erythemal effective irradiance defined by the equation Her = 1 Ser (2) dl dt where E, is the spectral irradiance in W.m-2.nm-1 and seXA) is the erythema action spectrum. A subjective measure based on the
28、reddening of the skin; it depends on many variables, e.g. individual sensitivity to UVR, radiometric characteristics of the source, skin pigmentation, anatomic site, elapsed time between irradiation and observing the reddening (typical value: 24 hours), etc. It should be reserved solely for observat
29、ional studies in humans and other an i mals. Standardised measure of erythemogenic UV radiation, 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 J.m-2. Optical radiation in the 1 O0 nm to 400 nm wavelength range. 5. The concept of erythemal irradiance and dose 5.1 Erythemal eff
30、ective irradiance The erythemal effective irradiance (Eer) from a source of uitraviolet radiation is obtained by weighting the spectral irradiance of the radiation at wavelength A in nm by the effectiveness of radiation of this wavelength to cause a minimal erythema and summing over all wavelengths
31、present in the source spectrum. This can be expressed mathematically as: or E, is the spectral irradiance in W.m-2.nm-1 at wavelength A in nm and AA is the wavelength interval used in the summation. se) is a measure of the effectiveness of radiation of wavelength A in nm relative to some reference w
32、avelength in producing a minimal erythema. Integration has to be carried out in the wavelength range where neither E, or se) equal zero. As it is a ratio, s(A) is of dimension unity. The effective irradiance is equivalent to a hypothetical irradiance of monochromatic radiation having a 2 CIE S 007/E
33、-1998 IS0 17166:1999(E) Ervthema Reference Action SDectrum and Standard Ervthema Dose wavelength at which seXA) is equal to unity. The time integral of effective irradiance is the erythemal effective radiant exposure (also called the effective dose or erythemal dose). The dose (expressed as an eryth
34、emal quantity) received after an exposure period of t seconds is Her= Eer .tl (2) where is the numerical value in J.m-2 equivalent to one erythemal quantify. 5.2 The erythema action spectrum The ability of UV radiation to produce erythema in human skin is highly dependent upon the radiation waveleng
35、th, and is expressed by the erythema action spectrum. Erythema action spectra have been the subject of experimental and theoretical interest for over 70 years. The CIE first considered the adoption of a so-called standard erythemal curve in 19351. The erythema action spectrum defined in this standar
36、d was first introduced by the CIE in 19873 (See also 4-6). It is represented by relatively simple functions over three clearly defined spectral regions: seXA) = l,o for 250 5 A 5 298 nm (3) seXA) = I 0,094(298-a) for 298 A 5 328 nm (4) seXA) = 10,015(140-a) for 328 A 5 400 nm (5) 5.3 The standard er
37、ythema dose (erythemal quantity and radiometric equivalence) There are many biological endpoints in photobiology in which the effectiveness varies with wavelength. For this reason the new quantity shall contain the word erythema to make it explicit that we are referring here only to that specific bi
38、ological response. The term standard erythema dose7, acronym SED, shall be used to express this quantity. 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 J.m-2. Note: When deciding upon the numerical value of the radiometric equivalence, the choice is arbitrary - there is no ri
39、ght value. However in order to avoid confusion between MED and the SED we do not want the SED to be interpreted as the MED in some particular skin type. Consequently 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 J.m-2. The MEDs in subjects with skin types I to IV would be exp
40、ected to lie between erythemal effective radiant exposures of 150 J.m-2 to 600 J.m-2, equivalent to 13 SED to 6 SED. CIE S 007/E-1998 IS0 17166:1999(E) _ Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Annex A Bibliography (Non-normative annex) Diffey BL. Whatev
41、er happened to the erythemal unit? Photodermatology 1984; 1: 103-105. International Commission on Illumination. Berlin. Comptes Rendus de la Commission Internationale de lclairage 1935; 9: 596-625. McKinlay AF, Diffey BL, A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. Cl
42、EJ 1987; 6: 17-22. Urbach F, Man and uitraviolet radiation. In Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation: Risks and Regulations (Passchier WF and Bosnjakovic BFM, eds), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. Diffey BL, Observed and predicted minimal erythema doses: a comparative study. Photochem Intern
43、ational Commission on Illumination, Standard Erythema Dose, Publication CIE 125 - 1997. Wulf HC, The need for a standard erythema dose: proposed definition. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Organizzazione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica, Milan, in press. Lock-Anders
44、en J, Wulf HC, Mortensen NM, Erythemally weighted radiometric dose and standard erythema dose (SED). In: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Organizzazione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica, Milan, in press. 3-17. PhotObiOl. 1994; 60: 380-382. Copies of CIE Publications are
45、available from the National Committees of most CIE member countries. Purchasers in other countries may obtain them from the CIE Central Bureau, Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A-I 030 Vienna Austria Tel.: +43 1 714 3187 O Fax: +43 1 713 0838 18 e-mail: ciecbping.at WWW: http:llwww.cie.co.atiel 4 ICs 17.180.20
