1、 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus Measuring apparatus CISPR 16-1-1 Edition 4.0 2015-09 REDLINE VERSION CISPR 16-1-1:2015-09RLV(en) INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE BASIC
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12、on for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus Measuring apparatus INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE BASIC EMC PUBLICATION colourinside 2 CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV IEC 2015 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 7 INTRO
13、DUCTION . 9 1 Scope 10 2 Normative references 10 3 Terms and definitions 11 4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz . 15 4.1 General . 15 4.2 Input impedance . 15 4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy 16 4.4 Response to pulses 16 4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute ca
14、libration) 16 4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration) . 16 4.5 Selectivity . 20 4.5.1 Overall selectivity (passband) 20 4.5.2 Intermediate frequency rejection ratio 21 4.5.3 Image frequency rejection ratio 21 4.5.4 Other spurious responses 23 4.6 Limitation of intermodulatio
15、n effects 23 4.7 Limitation of receiver noise and internally generated spurious signals . 24 4.7.1 Random noise . 24 4.7.2 Continuous wave . 25 4.8 Screening effectiveness 25 4.8.1 General . 25 4.8.2 Limitation of radio-frequency emissions from the measuring receiver . 25 4.9 Facilities for connecti
16、on to a discontinuous disturbance analyzer 26 5 Measuring receivers with peak detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz . 26 5.1 General . 26 5.2 Input impedance . 26 5.3 Fundamental characteristics . 26 5.3.1 Bandwidth . 26 5.3.2 Charge and discharge time constants ratio 27 5.3.3 Overload fa
17、ctor 27 5.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy 27 5.5 Response to pulses 27 5.6 Selectivity . 28 5.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening 29 6 Measuring receivers with average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz 29 6.1 General . 29 6.2 Input impedance . 30 6.3 Fundamental char
18、acteristics . 30 6.3.1 Bandwidth . 30 6.3.2 Overload factor 30 6.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy 30 6.5 Response to pulses 31 6.5.1 General . 31 CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV IEC 2015 3 6.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 31 6.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 32 6.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and
19、 drifting narrowband disturbances 32 6.6 Selectivity . 34 6.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening 34 7 Measuring receivers with rms-average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz 34 7.1 General . 34 7.2 Input impedance . 34 7.3 Fundamental characteristics . 35 7.3.1 Band
20、width . 35 7.3.2 Overload factor 35 7.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy 36 7.5 Response to pulses 36 7.5.1 Construction details . 36 7.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 36 7.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 37 7.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband disturbances 37 7.6 Select
21、ivity . 38 7.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening 38 8 Measuring receivers for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz with amplitude probability distribution (APD) measuring function . 38 9 Disturbance analyzers . 39 9.1 General . 39 9.2 Fundamental characteristics . 40 9.3 Test met
22、hod for the validation of the performance check for the click analyzer 46 9.3.1 Basic requirements 46 9.3.2 Additional requirements . 47 Annex A (normative) Determination of response to repeated pulses of quasi-peak and rms-average measuring receivers (See 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 and 7.5.1) . 48 A.1 Gener
23、al . 48 A.2 Response of the pre-detector stages . 48 A.3 Response of the quasi-peak voltmeter detector to output of preceding stages. 49 A.3.1 General . 49 A.3.2 Response of the indicating instrument to the signal from the detector 50 A.4 Response of rms detector to output voltage of preceding stage
24、s . 51 A.4.1 Output voltage and amplitude relationship . 51 A.4.2 Calculation of overload factor 52 A.5 Relationship between indication of rms meter and quasi-peak meter . 52 Annex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator spectrum (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) . 54 B.1 Pulse generator 54 B.1.1 Gene
25、ral . 54 B.1.2 The spectrum of the generated pulses . 54 B.2 General method of measurement 54 Annex C (normative) Accurate measurements of the output of nanosecond pulse generators (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) 56 C.1 Measurement of impulse area (Aimp) 56 4 CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV IEC 2015 C.1.1 General .
26、56 C.1.2 Area method 56 C.1.3 Standard transmission line method 56 C.1.4 Harmonic measurement . 57 C.1.5 Energy method 57 C.2 Pulse generator spectrum . 57 Annex D (normative) Influence of the quasi-peak measuring receiver characteristics on its pulse response (See 4.4.2) 58 Annex E (normative) Resp
27、onse of average and peak measuring receivers (See 6.3.1) 59 E.1 Response of pre-detector stages 59 E.2 Overload factor . 59 E.3 Relationship between indication of an average and a quasi-peak measuring receiver 60 E.4 Peak measuring receivers . 61 E.5 Relationship between indication of a peak and a q
28、uasi-peak measuring receiver 61 E.6 Test of measuring receiver response above 1 GHz to pulses 62 E.7 Measurement of the impulse bandwidth of a measuring receiver . 63 E.7.1 General . 63 E.7.2 Method 1: Measurement by comparison of the responses of Bimpto two pulses with identical amplitude and width
29、 but with low and high pulse repetition frequencies (prf) . 64 E.7.3 Method 2: Measurement by comparison of the response of Bimpto an impulsive signal with the response of a narrow bandwidth to the same signal 66 E.7.4 Method 3: Integration of the normalized linear selectivity function 66 Annex F (n
30、ormative) Performance check of the exceptions from the definitions of a click according to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1:2005 . 68 Annex G (informative) Rationale for the specifications of the APD measuring function . 75 Annex H (informative) Characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring receiver. 78 Annex I (inf
31、ormative) Example of EMI receiver and swept spectrum analyzer architecture. 79 Annex J (normative) Requirements when using an external preamplifier with a measuring receiver . 81 J.1 General . 81 J.2 Considerations for optimum emission measurement system design 81 J.3 Linearity specifications and pr
32、ecautions in measurement 84 J.4 Detecting the overload of an external preamplifier in a wideband FFT based measuring system . 91 Annex K (normative) Calibration requirements for measuring receivers 92 K.1 General . 92 K.2 Calibration and verification 92 K.3 Calibration and verification specifics . 9
33、2 K.4 Measuring receiver specifics . 93 K.5 Partial calibration of measuring receivers 94 K.6 Determination of compliance of a measuring receiver with applicable specifications 94 Bibliography 96 CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV IEC 2015 5 Figure 1a) 1 Pulse response curve (Band A) 17 Figure 1b) 2 Pulse respon
34、se curve (Band B) 18 Figure 1c) 3 Pulse response curve (Bands C and D) 18 Figure 1d) 4 Theoretical pulse response curve of quasi-peak detector receivers and average detector receiver (see 6.5.4) . 19 Figure 5 Limits of overall selectivity Pass band (see 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) (Band A) 22 Figure 6 Lim
35、its of overall selectivity Pass band (see 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) (Band B) . 22 Figure 7 Limits of overall selectivity Pass band (see 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) Bands (C and D) 23 Figure 8 Arrangement for testing intermodulation effects . 24 Figure 9 Limits for the overall selectivity Pass band (Band E) .
36、29 Figure 10 Block diagram of an average detector 33 Figure 11 Screenshot showing response of the meter-simulating network to an intermittent narrowband signal 33 Figure 12 Example of a disturbance analyzer . 41 Figure 13 A graphical presentation of test signals used in the test of the analyzer for
37、the performance check against the definition of a click according to Table 14 . 42 Figure E.1 Correction factor for estimating the ratio Bimp/B6for other tuned circuits 60 Figure E.2 Pulse rectification coefficient P . 62 Figure E.3 Example (spectrum screenshot) of a pulse-modulated signal with a pu
38、lse width of 200 ns . 63 Figure E.4 Pulse-modulated RF signal applied to a measuring receiver . 64 Figure E.5 Filtering with a Bimp much smaller than the prf 65 Figure E.6 Filtering with a Bimpmuch wider than the prf 65 Figure E.7 Calculation of the impulse bandwidth 66 Figure E.8 Example of a norma
39、lized linear selectivity function . 67 Figure F.1 A graphical presentation of the test signals used for the performance check of the analyzer with the additional requirements according to Table F.1 74 Figure G.1 Block diagram of APD measurement circuit without A/D converter 76 Figure G.2 Block diagr
40、am of APD measurement circuit with A/D converter . 76 Figure G.3 Example of display of APD measurement . 77 Figure I.1 Example block diagram of EMI receiver consisting of swept spectrum analyzer with added preselector, preamplifier and quasi-peak/average detector . 79 Figure J.1 Receiver with preamp
41、lifier . 83 Figure J.2 Transfer function of an amplifier 85 Figure J.3 Response for a sinusoidal signal . 85 Figure J.4 Response for an impulse . 85 Figure J.5 Deviation from linear gain for an unmodulated sine wave (example) 86 Figure J.6 Deviation from linear gain for a broadband impulsive signal
42、as measured with the quasi-peak detector (example) . 87 Figure J.7 Screenshot of a band-stop filter test for a preamplifier at around 818 MHz 88 Figure J.8 Band-stop filter test result with the measuring receiver at 818 MHz . 88 Figure J.9 Band-stop filter test results for the same 10 dB preamplifie
43、r but a different receiver with preselection (black) and without preselection (blue) . 89 Figure J.10 Band-stop filter test results for the same 10 dB preamplifier but with the receiver of Figure J.9 with preselection (black) and without preselection (green) 89 6 CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV IEC 2015 Figur
44、e J.11 Weighting functions of the various CISPR detectors with a noise curve to illustrate the remaining operating ranges for broadband impulsive signals (example) 90 Figure K.1 Compliance determination process with application of measurement uncertainty 95 Table 1 Test pulse characteristics for qua
45、si-peak measuring receivers (see 4.4.1) . 16 Table 2 Pulse response of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 20 Table 3 Combined selectivity of CISPR measuring receiver and high-pass filter . 21 Table 4 Bandwidth characteristics for intermodulation test of quasi-peak measuring receivers (see 4.6) 24 Tabl
46、e 5 VSWR requirements for receiver input impedance . 26 Table 6 Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with peak detector . 27 Table 7 Relative pulse response of peak and quasi-peak measuring receivers for the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz) 28 Table 8 Bandwidth requireme
47、nts for measuring receivers with average detector 30 Table 9 Relative pulse response of average and quasi peak measuring receivers for the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 Ghz) . 31 Table 10 Maximum reading of average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated sine-wave input in comparison
48、with the response to a continuous sine wave having the same amplitude 33 Table 11 VSWR requirements of input impedance 35 Table 12 Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with rms-average detector . 35 Table 13 Minimum pulse repetition rate without overload . 35 Table 14 Relative pulse respon
49、se of rms-average and quasi-peak measuring receivers . 36 Table 15 Pulse response of rms-average measuring receiver 37 Table 16 Maximum reading of rms-average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave having the same amplitude . 38 Table 17 Disturbance analyzer performance test Test signals used for the check against the definition of a click (1 of 4) 43
