1、e-19- 2-7 r. 3515789 004557b 1Tb ENGINEER MANUAL EM 11 10-3-1 76 April 1984 e ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Incinerators Mobilization Construction DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
2、from IHS-,-,- DAEN -ECE -G Engineer Manual NO. 1110-3-176 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 20314 EM 1110-3-176 9 April 1984 Engineering and Design INCINERATORS Mobilization Construction 1. Purpose. This manual provides guidance for the design of incinerators for c
3、ombustible waste materials at U.S. Army mobilization facilities. 2. Applicability. This manual is applicable to all field operating activities having mobilization construction responsibilities. 3. Discussion. Criteria and standards presented herein apply to construction considered crucial to a mobil
4、ization effort. These requirements may be altered when necessary to satisfy special conditions on the basis of good engineering practice consistent with the nature of the construction. Design and construction of mobilization facilities must be completed within 180 days from the date notice to procee
5、d is given with the projected life expectancy of five years. Hence, rapid construction of a facility should be reflected in its design. Time-consuming methods and procedures, normally preferred over quicker methods for better quality, should be de-emphasized. Lesser grade materials should be substit
6、uted for higher grade materials when the lesser grade materials would provide satisfactory service and when use of higher grade materials would extend construction time. Work items not immediately necessary for the adequate functioning of the facility should be deferred until such the as they can be
7、 completed without delaying the mobilization effort. FOR THE COMMANDER: Cofsnel, Corps of Engineers Chief of Staff Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-= 3535789 0045578 T79 DEPARTMENT OF IHE ARMY US Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC
8、20314 Engineer Manual NO. 1.110-3-176 EM 1110-3-176 9 April 1984 Engineering and Design INCINERATORS Mobilization Construction Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. GENERAL Purpose and scope 1-1 1-1 Selection of sites. 1-2 1-1 CHAPTER 2. INCINERATOR DESIGN 2- 1 2-1 Definitions Types of incinerators 2-2 2-2 Inci
9、nerator capacities. 2-3 2-2 2-4 2-2 Basic design requirements Preliminary design 2-5 2-4 Design analysis 2-6 2- 5 . CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS General considerations. Furnace Stack Damper. Furnace doors Grate., Incinerator layout. Instrumentation Heat recovery equipment 3-1 3-
10、2 3-3 3-4 3- 5 3- 6 3- 7 3-8 3-9 3- 1 3- 1 3-1 3- 1 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-2 APPENDIX A. SAMPLE DESIGN PROBLEM A-1 APPENDIX B. STANDARD PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS B-1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-9 3515787 0045579 705 M EM 1110-3-176 9 Ap
11、r 84 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 1-1. Purpose and scope. This manual contains instructions and information for the design of incinerators for combustible waste materials, including garbage. The design of rubbish incinerators will be based on the use of natural draft. Auxiliary burners will be necessary in som
12、e cases. 1-2. Selection of sites. Sites for incinerators will be selected for convenience with respect to the housing area to be served and for accessibility from the existing road net. The length of average one-way haul, in general, will not be more than 3 miles. Where additional roads are necessar
13、y, they will be over the most direct practical route to the site. In all cases, travel on and across primary roads will be held to a minimum. Site location will be at least 1,000 feet from inhabited buildings and out of the prevailing wind direction toward building areas. Drainage conditions will be
14、 adequate for runoff and to accommodate drains from the incinerator plant to sanitary sewers. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-D 3535789 OOLi5580 627 D EM 1110-3-176 9 Apr 84 CHAPTER 2 INCINERATOR DESIGN 2-1. Definitions. Definitions o
15、f terms in their application to this manual are as follows: a. Incinerator. A special type of structure for the reduction of refuse to inert gases and solids by burning. b. Furnace. That part of the incinerator in which combustion takes place, including the ignition chamber, mixing chamber, combusti
16、on chamber, and charging hood if provided. c. Arch. The arched ceiling of the furnace over the ignition, mixing, and combustion chambers. d. Grate. The cast iron (C.I.) grate on which the dry material is burned. e. Hearth. An inclined floor on which the wet material is dried It may be constructed of
17、 firebrick or of cast iron grate and burned. bars. f. Effective grate area. the hearth in terms of grate area. The grate area plus the effective area of g. Ignition chamber. The space between the grate and the arch and between the hearth and the arch. h. Mixing chamber. The chamber adjacent to the i
18、gnition chamber where the gases mix before passing to the combustion chamber. often called the down pass. This is i. Bridge wall. The wall at the end of the grate or hearth between the ignition chamber and the mixing chamber. j. Combustion chamber. The final chamber of the furnace where combustion o
19、f the gases is completed. k. Target wall. The wall between the mixing chamber and the combustion chamber. 1. Flue. The horizontal connection between the combustion chamber and the stack. m. Damper. The vertical movable refractory slab in the flue for draft control. 2-1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleN
20、o reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3515789 0045581 5b3 EM 1110-3-176 9 Apr 84 n. Damper box. The box over the damper for housing it in its open position. o. Charging hood. A structure directly over the ignition chamber provided with a door, through which the furnace
21、is charged with refuse. p. Charging throat. An extension from an opening in the arch to the charging floor, through which the furnace is charged with refuse. 2-2. Types of incinerators. Two types of incinerators are considered in this section: type I - garbage and rubbish incinerators and type II -
22、wet garbage incinerators. Standard designs have been prepared for types I and II, drawings for which are listed in appendix B. Type I of these standard designs is a general purpose incinerator and is the most suitable or the present-day needs at a majority of installations. It will burn refuse consi
23、sting of all rubbish or, by proper control of the damper, a mixture of 65 percent rubbish and 35 percent garbage by weight. Type II will burn a mixture of 65 percent wet garbage by weight and 35 percent rubbish without the use of auxiliary fuel. However, this type is not designed to withstand the hi
24、gh heat release that would result from burning refuse containing a high percentage of rubbish and will not be constructed except when the conditions are definitely unsuited to the use of type I. 2-3. Incinerator capacities. Requirements will be based on the expected waste from the particular post. A
25、t an average troop cantonment, the per capita waste will approximate 1.5 pounds of rubbish, 0.50 pound of non-edible garbage, (citrus peels, coffee grounds, etc.) and 2.0 pounds of edible garbage per day. determinations, however, will be based on an actual survey whenever practicable. Capacity will
26、be provided for 25 percent excess over the average hourly needs in order to make allowance for irregularity in the delivery of refuse to the incinerator. For example, if 4 tons are to be burned in 8 hours, the incinerator will have a capacity of 1,250 pounds per hour. Capacity factor for troop expan
27、sion will not be used, as the incinerator can be operated 16 hours per day if necessary, 8 hours remaining for cooling and cleaning. result in designing special incinerators of sizes intermediate between the sizes indicated on the standard designs listed in appendix B. Quantity Little or no economy
28、will 2-4. Basic design requirements. The incinerator will be designed for the severest conditions that may reasonably be expected. For instance, a type I incinerator may be required to burn refuse consisting of all dry material and no garbage. The design, therefore, insofar as it involves heat relea
29、se, gas quantities, velocities, etc., will be based on burning only dry materials. A drying hearth will be provided for the occasions when wet materials are to be burned. The design will conform to the following basic requirements: 2-2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permi
30、tted without license from IHS-,-,-3515789 0045582 4TT = EM 1110-3-176 9 Apr 84 a. Total furnace volume. The total furnace volume will be such that the heat release per cubic foot of furnace volume will not exceed 18,000 Btu per hour. b. Hearth area. The hearth area will be approximately equal to the
31、 grate area for types I and II incinerators. c. Effective grate area. For type I incinerators - 0.022 square foot for each pound of refuse per hour; and for type II - 0.04 square foot for each pound of refuse per hour. +In determining effective grate area, the hearth may be considered to be 60 perce
32、nt effective if made of firebrick and 80 percent if made of grate bars. d. Gas velocity. A maximum of 15 fps through the combustion chamber and a maximum of 35 fps through the mixing chamber, flue, and stack. e. Combustion-chamber volume. At least 30 cubic feet per pound of gas produced per second,
33、including excess air required for cooling purposes. f. Combustion-chamber temperature. Sufficient for complete combustion but not to exceed 1,600 degree F. (2,059 degrees F. absolute). This can be controlled by use of the damper and by the introduction of excess air. g. Combustion time. A minimum of
34、 1.5 seconds, total time required for the gases to pass through the furnace. h. Stack height. Sufficient to provide the necessary draft and determined by the formula: D 1 - H = 0.52 B (Ta s) i. Draft. Sufficient to discharge the gases of combustion and required excess air. The total draft requiremen
35、ts will be determined in accordance with the following allowances for losses expressed in inches of water: Velocity head: 0.119BV2 14. 7Ts Friction loss through the stack and flue: (1.1 x 10-6)TsW2Lp A3 Loss through each 90 degree turn in the gas passage: computed as a stack or conduit, the length o
36、f which is 12 times the square root of 2-3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-m 3535789 0045583 33b EM 1110-3-176 9 Apr 84 the area of the opening. Loss through grate: varies according to type of grate, quantity, and type of refuse burne
37、d, quantity of air and attention given to stoking. Under average conditions this loss may be considered to be 0.25 in type I incinerator and 0.15 in type II when the furnace is operating at rated capacity. Ta - Ts - H- A- B- D- v- w- L- P- Abbreviations of terms used in the preceding formulas are: A
38、tmospheric temperature in degrees F. (absolute). Average stack-gas temperature in degrees F. (absolute). Stack height above the grate (feet). Average inside cross-sectional stack area (square feet). Barometric pressure (psi). Static stack draft (inches of water). Gas velocity (fps). Weight of gas in
39、cluding excess air (pounds per second). Stack height above flue plus length of flue (feet). Inside stack perimeter (feet). 2-5. Preliminary design. A preliminary design will be made first and then checked and adjusted to assure compliance with the basic design requirements. For this purpose, table 2
40、-1 may be utilized. The design of an incinerator is illustrated in appendix A. Table 2-1. Preliminary Design Factors Type of incinerator I II Effective grate area per pound of refuse per hour (square feet) Ratio of hearth area to grate area Effectiveness of hearth area in terms of grate area (percen
41、t): Firebrick hearths C. I. grate bars Horizontal cross-sectional area of mixing chamber in terms of effective grate area (percent Horizontal cross-sectional area of combustion chamber in terms of effective grate area (percent) Cross-sectional area of flue in terms of effective grate area (percent)
42、0.022 0.04 1 1 60 80 25 60 25 60 80 20 30 10 2 -4 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0045584 272 EM 1110-3-176 9 Apr 84 Table 2-1. Preliminary Design Factors (Contd) Type of incinerator I II Cross-sectional area of stack in terms
43、 of effective grate area (percent) 22 10 Ratio of height of arch above grate to width of furnace not to exceed 1 1 Corps of Engineers 2-6. Design analysis. A design analysis will accompany all requests for authority to construct incinerators and all incinerator plans and specifications, other than s
44、tandard plans and specifications. The analysis will indicate the type of material to be incinerated and the basis upon which the capacity requirements were established. 2-5 1514 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0045585 109 = EM
45、 1110-3-176 9 Apr 84 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS 3-1. General considerations. The structural design and the specifications relating to materials and to construction will provide for sturdy construction of all parts of the incinerator. In this respect, the effects of expansion an
46、d contraction due to high-temperature change will be considered. The type of construction will, in general, be as indicated on the standard drawings and in the guide specification listed in appendix B. 3-2. Furnace. The furnace will be constructed with an inner and outer shell. The walls of the inne
47、r shell and the arch will be approximately 9 inches thick and constructed of high-duty fire-clay brick or constructed of refractory plastic material having equivalent qualities. Firebrick will be laid in high-temperature, air-setting, bonding cement. The arch will be covered with a 2-112-inch layer
48、of insulating material. The side walls of the outer shell will be 8-inch common brick walls securely braced to prevent settling and cracking. The bracing will consist of upright corner angles and intermediate upright channel buck stays, tied with rods and horizontal steel angles. The tie rods will b
49、e entirely outside the inner shell and will not be in contact with the refractory material at any point. The top, forming a part of the outer shell, will be reinforced concrete. If the top is not needed as a floor or as a roof for protection against the weather, it may be omitted and the arch covered with a 4-inch layer of common brick on top of the insulating brick. There will be no physical connectio
