1、CEM P-RT Technical Letter NO. 11 10-1 -1 63 3535789 0735675 626 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ETL 1110-1-163 30 June 1996 Engineering and Design CHECKLIST FOR DESIGN OF VERTICAL BARRIER WALLS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES Distribution Restriction Statement
2、 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- 3535789 0735676 562 = CEMP-RT Technical Letter NO. 11 10-1-163 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 2031 4-1 O00 E
3、TL 11 10-1-163 30June1996 Engineering and Design CHECKLIST FOR DESIGN OF VERTICAL BARRIER WALLS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES 1. Purpose 4. Discussion a. This engineer technical letter transmits a document for the design of vertical barrier walls for hazardous waste sites. The document was developed to
4、aid in project pianning, scheduling, and budgeting; scoping predesign investigations and architect/ engineer (A/E) services; as a guidance document for design of vertical barrier walls; for use in reviewing A/E products; and as a source for technical references. The document will focus on slurry wal
5、ls; however, other types of vertical barrier walls will also be dis- cussed. The document is divided into two sections, a narrative section and a checklist. The narrative sec- tion briefly discusses design aspects for vertical barrier walls and provides design references. The checklist section conta
6、ins a list of questions covering pertinent aspects of design that were discussed in the narrative section. 2. Applicability 5. Actions Required This letter applies to HQUSACE elements and USACE commands having hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste (HTRW) investigation, design, and remedial action
7、responsibility. The topics listed in this checklist are to be considered in the design of vertical barrier walls for hazardous waste sites. It is strongly recommended that input be sought from the appropriate technical staff for all phases of scoping, design, and construction of vertical barrier wal
8、ls. The involvement of in-house technical high-quality service to the customer. 3. References expertise is essential to providing a cost-effective, References are listed in Appendix A. FOR THE DIRECTOR OF MILITARY PROGRAMS: 3 Appendices APP A - References APP B - Vertical Barrier Wall APP C - Vertic
9、al Barrier Wall Design Considerations Design Checklist CARY JoNES, P.E. Chief, Environmental Restoration Division Directorate of Military Programs Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-m 3515789 0735677 4T m ETL 1110-1-163 30 Jun 96 APPENDI
10、X A: A-l. Required References a. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 260 40 CFR 260, Hazardous Waste Management System: General. 40 CFR 261 40 CFR 261, Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste. 40 CFR 262 40 CFR 262, Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste. 40 CFR 263 40 CFR 263,
11、Standards Applicable to Transporters of Hazardous Waste. 40 CFR 264 40 CFR 264, Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities. 40 CFR 265 40 CFR 265, Interim Status Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Stor- age, and Dis
12、posai Facilities. 40 CFR 266 40 CFR 266, Standards for the Management of Spe- cific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types of Haz- ardous Waste. 40 CFR 267 40 CFR 267, Interim Standards for Owners and Oper- ators of New Hazardous Waste Land Disposal Facilities. 40 CFR 268 40 CFR 268, Land Disposal Rest
13、rictions. REFERENCES b. Engineer regulations. ER 385-1-92 ER 385-1-92, Safety and Occupational Health Docu- ment Requirements for Hazardous, Toxic and Radio- active Waste (HTRW) and Ordnance and Explosive Wastes. ER 1110-1-263 ER 11 10-1-263, Chemical Daia Quaiity Management for Hazardous Waste Reme
14、dial Activities. c. Predesign investigation requirements. EM 1110-1-4O00 EM 11 10-1-4o00, Monitor Well Design. Installation, and Documentation at Hazardous andor Toxic Waste Sites. ETL 1110-2-282 ETL 11 10-2-282, Rock Mass Classification Data Requirements for Rippability . EPA/530/R-93/001 EPA/530/R
15、-93/00l1 RCRA Ground-Water Monitor- ing: Technical Enforcement Guidance Document. EPA 600/4-89/034 EPA 600/4-89/034, Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells. d. Slurry walls. EPA/540/2-84-001 EPA/540/2-84-001, Slurry Trench Construction for Po
16、llution Migration Control. Municipal Environmen- tal Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency. Xanthakos 1979 Xanthakos, P. P. 1979. Slurry Walls. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 49 CFR 100-180 49 CFR 100-180, DOT Hazardous Materials, Sub- stances, and Waste Regulations. A- 1
17、Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-m 3515789 0735678 335 m ETL 11 10-1 -1 63 30 Jun 96 Xanthakos 1994 Xanthakos, P. P. 1994. Slurry Walls as Structural Systems, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Paul, Davidson, and Cavalli 1992
18、 Paul, D. B., Davidson, R. R., and Cavalli, N. J. 1992. “Sluny Walls: Design, Construction, and Quality Control,” STP 1129, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. e. Quality assurance/quality control. CEGS-02234 CEGS-02234, Subbase Course. CEGS-02272 CEGS-02272, SeparatiodFilt
19、ration Geotextile. CWGS-02411 CWGS-02411, Metal Sheet Piling. CEGS-02444 CEGS-02444, Soil-Bentonite Slurry Trench for HTRW Projects. EPA/600/R-93/182 CEGS-02546 EPA/6O/R-93/182, Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Containment Facilities. CEGS-02546, Aggregate Surface Course. CEGS-02671 f
20、. Corps of Engineers guide specifications. CEGS-02671, Ground-Water Monitoring Wells. CEGS-01110 CEGS-01110, Safety, Health and Emergency Response. CEGS-01300 CEGS-01300, Submittals Descriptions. CEGS-01305 CEGS-01305, Submittals Procedure. CEGS-01440 CEGS-01440, Contractors Quality Control. CEGS-01
21、450 CEGS-01450, Contractors Chemical Quality Control. CEGS-02110 CEGS-02110, Clearing and Grubbing. CEGS-02210 CEGS-02210, Grading. CWGS-02214 CWGS-02214, Soil-Bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoffs. CEGS-02720 CEGS-02720, Storm Drainage System. CEGS-02831 CEGS-02831, Chain-Link Fence. CEGS-02935 CEGS-0293
22、5, Turf. CWGS-03363 CWGS-03363, Concrete Cutoff Wall. CWGS-03365 CWGS-03365, Concrete for Concrete Cutoff Walls. g. American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM C 143 ASTM C 143, Test Method for the Slump of Portland Cement Concrete. ASTM D 422 ASTM D 422, Method for Particle-Size Analysis of So
23、ils. CEGS-02222 ASTM D 512 CEGS-02222, Excavation, Trenching and Backfilling for Utilities. Water. ASTM D 512, Test Methods for Chloride Ion in CEGS-02233 CEGS-02233, Graded-Crushed-Aggregate Base Course. A-2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from I
24、HS-,-,-W 3515789 0735b79 271 W ETL 1110-1-163 30 Jun 96 ASTM D 698 ASTM D 698, Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 IrN-m/m3). ASTM D 1557 ASTM D 1557, Laboratory Compaction Characteris- tics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,7
25、00 kN-m/m3). ASTM D 2216 ASTM D 2216, Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil- Aggregate Mixtures. ASTM D 2434 ASTM D 2434, Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head). ASTM D 2487 ASTM D 2487, Classification of Soils for Engineer- i
26、ng mirposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM D 4318 ASTM D 4318, Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM D 5084 ASTM D 5084, Measurement of Hydraulic Conduc- tivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. ASTM D 5092-90 ASTM
27、 D 5092-90, Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers. ASTM D 5299 ASTM D 5299, Guide for the Decommissioning of Ground Water Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices for Environ- mental Activities. h. Miscellaneous. API
28、13A American Petroleum Institute (API) Specification 13A, Drilling Fluid Materials. API RP 13B-1 API RP 13B-1, Field Testing Water-Based Drilling Fluids. EM 1110-1-3500 EM 11 10-1-3500, Chemical Grouting. EM 1110-2-2504 EM 11 10-2-2504, Design of Sheet Pile Walls. EM 1110-2-3506 EM 11 10-2-3506, Gro
29、uting Technology. EP 200-1-2 EP 200-1-2, Process and Procedures for RCRA Manifesting. TM 5-822-12 TM 5-822-12, Design of Aggregate Surfaced Roads and Airfields. USP-NF-XVII United States Pharmacopeia. A-2. Related References a. Predesign investigation requirements. EM 200-1-3 EM 200-1-3, Requirement
30、s for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans. EM 1110-1-1802 EM 1 1 10- 1 - 1802, Geophysical Exploration for Engi- neering and Environmental investigations. EM 1110-1-1804 EM 11 10-1-1804, Geotechnical Investigations. EM 1110-2-1907 EM 11 10-2-1907, Soil Sampling. EPA/330/9-8V002 EPA/330/9-
31、81/002, Manual for Groundwater/Subsurface Investigations at Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/530/S W-611 EPA/530/SW-611, Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities. EPA 530/SW-846 EPA 53o/SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. A-3 Provided by IHSNot for Resa
32、leNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0735b80 T93 ETL 1110-1-163 30 Jun 96 EPA 600/4-84/076 EPA-600/2-87/063 EPA 600/4-84/076, Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites-A Methods Manual: Volume I, Site Investigations. ing Hazardous Waste. EPA-600/2-87/063, In
33、vestigation of Slurry Cut-Off Wall Design and Construction Methods for Contain- EPA 600/4-91/029 EPA 6/4-91/029, Guide to Site and Soil Descrip- tion for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA 600/7-84/007 EPA 600/7-84/007, Geophysical Techniques for Sens- ing Buried Wastes and Waste Migration. EPA 600/8-89/046
34、 EPA 600/8-89/046, Soil Sampling Quality Assurance Users Guide. EPA 625/4-91/026 EPA 625/4-9 1/026, Site Characterization for Subsur- face Remediation. EPA 625/6-90/0161, EPA 62%-90/0 16b, Handbook-Ground Water Vol. I, EPA 62%-87/016 and Vol. II: Methodology. EPA 625/12-91/002 EPA 625/12-91/002. Des
35、cription and Sampling of Contaminated Soils: A Field Pocket Guide. EPA 625/R-92/007 EPA 625/R-92/007, Use of Airborne, Surface, and Borehole Geophysical Techniques at Contaminated Sites. EPA 625/R-93/003 EPA 625/R-93/003, Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques: A Desk Reference Guide.
36、 b. Vemcal barrier walls. Ayres, Lager, and Barvenik 1983 Ayres, J. E., Lager, D. C., and Barvenik, M. J. 1983. “Design of Soil-Bentonite Backfill Mix for the First Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Cutoff Wail,” Proceedings of the Fourth National Syrnpo- sium on Aquifer Restoration and Grou
37、ndwater Monitoring. Gallinatti and Warner 1994 Gallinatti, John D., and Warner, Scott D. 1994. “Hydraulic Design Considerations for Permeable In Situ Ground Water Treatment Walls,” abs., Ground Wafer, Vol. 32, 851. Giiiham and OHannesin 1994 Gillham, Robert W., and OHannesin, Stephanie. 1994. “Enhan
38、ced Degradation of Halogenated Ali- phatics by Zero-valent Iron,” Ground Wafer, Vol. 32, 958-967. Johnson et al. 1985 Johnson, A. I., Frobel, R. K., Cavalli, N. J., and Pettersson, C. B. 1985. “Hydraulic Barriers in Soil and Rock,” STP 874, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, P
39、A. Leach, Saugier, and Carter 1995 Leach, R. E., Saugier, R. K., and Carter, E. E. 1995. “Falling Beam SoilSawm, An Advanced Process for Forming Underground Cutoff Wails,” Technical Report CPAR-GL-95-1, U.S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Millet and Perez 1981 Millet, R
40、. A., and Perez, J. 1981. “Current USA Practice: Slurry Wall Specifications,” Journul of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 107, No. GT8, 1041-1056. Rumer and Ryan 1995 Rumer, R. R., and Ryan, M. E. 1995. Barrier Con- tainment Technologies for Environmen
41、tal Remediation Applications. John Wiley as a guidance document for conduct- ing vertical barrier wall designs; reviewing A/E pro- ducts: and as a source for technical references. The document is divided into three appendices: Appen- dix A, References; Appendix B, Design Consider- ations; and Append
42、ix C, Checklist. Appendix B briefly discusses design aspects for vertical barrier wall components. Appendix C contains a list of questions covering pertinent aspects of design that were discussed in Appendix B. b. Purpose and function of vertical barriers. The primary purpose of a vertical barrier w
43、all is to isolate hazardous waste contamination by minimizing the movement of groundwater from a contaminated site to uncontaminated areas or by preventing clean groundwater from entering a contaminated area. Vertical barrier walls function as a relatively imper- meable barrier which either contains
44、 or redirects groundwater flow. c. Types of vertical barriers. The type of verti- cal barrier wall chosen for use at a hazardous waste site is dependent on environmental and site-specific parameters. No Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations exist for the design and construc- tion of vert
45、ical barrier walls. The type of vertical barrier wall most commonly used at hazardous waste sites is the soil-bentonite (S-B) slurry wall. EPA- 540/2-84-001 provides guidance on the design and construction of S-B slurry walls. This document will focus on design issues for S-B slurry walls: however,
46、several other types of walls will also be discussed. d. Project team. An idealized desigdreview team for a vertical barrier wall project is provided below. For most projects, the design or review team will not include individuals from each of the noted disciplines. Consequently, it is important that
47、 all aspects of design are assigned to a member of the team. Team members include: Customer. Project manager. Technical manager. Project engineer. Geotechnical engineer. Geologist. Mechanical engineer. Electrical engineer. Hydrologist. Environmental engineer. Civil engineer. Industrial hygienist. Ch
48、emist. Land surveyor. Landscape architect. Drafterkomputer-aided design and drafting (CADD) technician. Specifications writer. Cost estimator. Regulatory specialist. Real estate specialist. Construction representative. Local, state, and Federal regulatory staff. B-1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo r
49、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ETL 1110-1-163 30 Jun 96 B-2. Predesign Investigations a. General. Prior to preparing a design analysis or plans and specifications for any type of vertical barrier wall, it is necessary to conduct predesign surveys and investigations to fill data gaps. The existing database available from the remedial investi- gation (RI), feasibility study (FS), and other docu- ments must be reviewed be
