1、CEEC-EE CORRECTED COPY (February 28, 1990) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ETL 1110-2-317 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 20314-1000 Engineering Technical Letter No. 1110-2-317 15 December 1988 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN SELECTING REACTION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES AND HYDROELECTRIC
2、 GENERATORS AND GENERATOR-MOTORS 1. Purpose. This letter provides advance criteria for selection of Reaction-Type Hydraulic Turbines and Pump Turbines and Generators and Generator motors. This criteria is to be used pending incorporation into an Engineering Manual. 2. Applicability. This letter appl
3、ies to all HQUSACE/OCE elements and field operating activities having civil works hydroelectric design responsibilities. 3. Discussion. Development of this criteria has been in progress for several years and is published to insure that the experience and expertise of the several authors is not lost
4、to the Corps with the retirement of these people. The criteria provides guidance on all of the factors pertaining to the selection, setting, and characteristics which must be understood in design of a conventional hydroelectric generating or pump- turbine plants. Criteria covering unconventional and
5、 small hydroelectric plants will be published at a later date. Emphasis is placed on the fact that manufactures recommendation and proposals must be sought and obtained in the equipment selection process, however, guidance contained herein will provide a basic for accepting manufacturers recommendat
6、ion. FOR THE DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION: Encl Engineering Division of Engineering and Construction This ETL reissued to include PreviouslLrnissing pages (Appendices -I- A-E). - - - I- - Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-=
7、3535789 0023059 921 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 CEEC-EE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington D.C. 20314 Engineering and Design SELMirING REACTION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES and HYDROELEVIIIIC GENERATORS AND GENERATOR-MOTORS TABLE OF CONTENTS SuB3EcT PAGE Chapt
8、er 1 PURPOSE APPLICABILITY REFERENCE3 DISCUSSION PROJECI PLANNING AND FIELD SURVEY SKIDIES GENERAL PRINCIPLES SIZE AND NUMBER OF UNITS TYPES OF TURBINES TYPES OF PUMP-TURBINES MODEL TEST EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1 -2 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-5 1-16 I Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduc
9、tion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-= 3535789 0023060 643 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 DATA ON UNITS INSTALLED IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS PLANTS Chapter 2 SPECIFIC SPEEDS PERIPHERAL COEFFICIENTS SETTING OF TURBINE AND PUMP-TURBINE CRITICAL SIGMA PERFORMANCE CURVES MODEL-PROTOTYPE RELA
10、TIONSHIPS GUARANTEES Chapter 3 GENERAL USE SPECIFIC SPEEDS DEVELOPMENT OF PRCTrOTYPE PERFORMANCE CURVES FROM MODEL TESIYI; SmING OF RUNNER SPIRAL CASE AND DW TUBE RUNAWAY SPEED DRAET TUBE LINERS AIR ADMISSION RUNNER SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS SAMPIX CALCULATIONS PAGE 1-7 2-1 2-2 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-8 2-8 3-1 3-1
11、 3-2 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 II 2773 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-W 3535789 O023063 58T W ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 SUBJECT PAGE Chapter 4 GENERAL USE 4-1 SPECIFIC SPEEDS 4- 1 MOD= TEST CURVES 4-2 PRELIMINARY DATA FOR FIXED BL
12、ADE TYPE 4-3 PRELIMINARY DATA FOR ADJUSTABLE BLADE TYPE 4-5 SETTING OF RUNNER BLADES 4-6 SEMI-SPIRAL AND SPIRAL CASING, AND DRAFT TUBES 4-7 RUNAWAY SPEED 4-7 DRAFT TUBE LINERS 4-8 AIR ADMISSION 4-9 SLANT AXIS JUJUSTABLE-BLADE TURBINES 4-9 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 4-1 O Chapter 5 GENEXAL 5- 1 BASIC CLASSI
13、FICATIONS 5-1 RADIAL FLOW - FRANCIS TYPE 5- 1 MIXED FLOW OR DIAGONAL FLOW (DERIAS) 5-4 AXIAL FLOW - PROPELLER TYPE - FIXED AND ADJUST- BLADE SPECIFIC SPEEDS - SINGLE STAGE REVERSIBLE puMp/TURBINEs 5-4 5-4 III 2 774 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
14、from IHS-,-,-= 3535789 O023062 4Lb = ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 PRELIMINARY DATA FOR FRANCIS PUMP-TURBINES SETTING OF PUMP-TURBINE RUNNER - FRANCIS TYPE SPIRAL CASING AND DRAFT TUBE - F”C1S TYPE DRAFT TUBE LINERS RUNAWAY SPEEDS AIR ADMISSION RUNNER SEAC CHAMBER DRAINS SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Chapter 6 G
15、ENERAL THE SELECTION AND MER OF UNITS GENERAMR RATING GENERATOR VOLTAGE AND FREQUESICY SPEED POWER FAVIYIR FLYWHEEL EFmm GENERATOR - MorOR RATING EXCITATION SyFEMS THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS THRUST BEARING BELOW THE RUiR THRUST BEARING ABOVE THE ROIYIR 5-5 5-9 5-1 O 5-1 O 5-1 1 5-1 1 5-1 1 5-1 1 6-1
16、6-1 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 IV 2775 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 00230b3 352 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 SuBTExr PAGE THRUST BEARING NOT INCORPORATED IN THE GENERATOR OR GENERATOR-MUKIR 6-6 HIGH PRESSURE OIL
17、SYSDl 6-7 ELECTRICAL CHARAcrEEUsTICS 6-7 METHODS AVAILABLE FOR STARTING PUMP-TURBINES IN THJ3 PUMPING MODE OF OPERATION pgpendices AFFINITY LAWS, MODEL RELATIONSHIPS AND GENERATOR SPEEDS VERSUS NUMBER OF POLES 6-1 O A- 1 DATA - CORPS OF ENGINEERS PLAMS B- 1 TRBINE SELEcrIN CHARTS AND DIMENSIONS AND
18、DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - = 1.0 MODEL TEST CRVES FOR % = 12“ AND H = 1 FWI AND CRITICAC RUNNER SIGMAS c- 1 D- 1 SAMPLE CACCULATIONS E- 1 V 2776 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535787 0023064 277 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 1-1. PU
19、RPOSE. This mual has been prepared for use in planning and design leading to the selection and preparation of technrcal specifications for reaction turbines and punp-turbines, generators and generator-motors. The information included in this manual is not intended to eliminate the necessity or desir
20、ability of consulting with equipment manufacturers. 1-2. APPLICABILITY. This manual is applicable to all field operating activities having hydroelectric civil works design responsibilities. 1-3. REFERENCES. a. CE 2201.01 HYDRAULIC TURBINES - FRANCIS TYPE b. CE 2201 .O2 HYDRAULIC PUMP- TURBINES - FRA
21、NCIS TYPE C. CE 2201.03 HYDRAULIC TURBINES - WLAN TYPE d. CE 2202.01 HYDFWJLIC TURBINE DRIVEN - ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATORS e. ANSI/IEEE Std 421.1-1986, “IEEE Standard Definitions for Excitations Systems for Synchronous Machines,“ available from I=, 345 East 47th St., NY, NY 10017. 1-4. DISCUSSIO
22、N. a. Corps of Engineers hydroelectric power plants are part of multi-pupse projects which develop power incidental to their niajor purposes of flood control and/or navigation. Corps projects may concurrently serve irrigation, recreation and water supply purposes. b. Hydraulic turbines and punpturbi
23、nes are not off-the-shelf items and must be designed to suit the specific range of conditions under which they will operate. Selection of the most suitable hydraulic and electrical equipment requires careful study and investigation. c. This manual includes procedures to be followed, model test data
24、of reaction turbines and punp-turbines and other niaterial useful in selecting the equipment and preparing the performance data to be included in technical specifications. 1-1 2777 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-W 3535789 00230b5 125
25、 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 1-5. PROJECT PLANNING AND FIELD SURVEY STUDIES. These studies establish the following data: a. b. C. d. e. f. g- h. i. 1. k. Power capacity - dependable and rated. Energy output. Reservoir capacity and headwater curves. Tailwater and afterbay capacity mes. Minimum flow re
26、quirements. Mher use requirements. Pumping requirements. Preliminary selection of type and number of Units. Heads - mimum, minimum and average. Foundation conditions. Special conditions uner which the plant mst operate. 1-6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. a. The function of a hydroelectric power plant is the c
27、onversion of potential energy (water falling over a distance or head) into mechanical energy (rotation of the turbine or pumpturbine shaft). This shaft in turn is connected to the shaft of a generator or generator- motor to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. In the pumping mode, the g
28、enerator-motor drives the pump- turbine to punp water to a higher elevation so that it will be available when needed to operate the pump-turbine in the generating mode to produce electrical energy. b. c. The quantity of water available for the production of power in the foot-pound-system is measured
29、 in cubic feet per second (cfs) and designated as Q. The vertical distance available is measured in feet and designated as H. The theoretical horsepower available or water horsepower (WHPI due to a quantity of water (QI falling H feet is PQH foot pounds per second, where W is the specific weight of
30、water in 1-2 2778 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535787 0023066 O61 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 pounds per cubic feet, and the available water horsepower is: wQH 550 WHP = d. The munt of power that can be produced under practical wor
31、king conditions is less than the theoretical amount. This is due to losses in the conveyance of water (including the tailrace), and the losses in the conversion equipment. e. Conveyance losses show up as the difference between the gross head (H on a plant and the net or effective head (H 1. For Fran
32、cis and prosller type turbines, the net head is the difference in level between headwater and tailwater minus all frictional losses and minus the velocity head of the water in the tailrace. Friction losses OCCUI: as the water passes through the trash racks, intake, penstock and tunnel including bend
33、s, branching pipes, transitions and valves up to the entrance of the spiral case. The power delivered by the turbine to the generator is measured in horsepower (HP). w Q He Ep 550 HP = where Ep is the efficiency of the prototype turbine. The kilowatt output of the generator is 0.746 Q times the hors
34、epower delivered to the generator shaft, where In pumping, the head is the total head from suction pool to the discharge of the spiral case plus the conveyance losses, except that for Tube or Slant Axis turbines and low head vertical units with short intakes it is the pool-to-pool head. is the effic
35、iency of the generator. f. 1-7. SIZE ANT3 NUMBER OF UNITS. a. The capital cost per kilowatt of a hydroelectric plant of a given total capacity generally decreases as the number of units decreases. A mininaim of two units is usually preferred, Ixit in special 1-3 2779 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo
36、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0023067 TT8 = ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 cases one unit may be acceptable. b. Size alone is not a determining factor in selecting the number of units to be installed. The most economical size and number of units can only be de
37、termined by a careful analysis of limitations and conditions. The following limitations, requirements and conditions mst be carefully considered. (1 Single unit plants have lower operating and niaintenance (2) A new unit of larger size than any other in the system my (3) character of the load that t
38、he plant is expected to supply costs, ht service equipment, cranes, etc. will be mre expensive. necessitate additional system capacity. and the flexibility of operation required. (4) ( 5 Requirement to supply an isolated load. Requirement to supply low flow releases. (6) The need to install units of
39、 unequal size. ( 7 Requirement for future units. (8) Even or aid number of units. Electrical connections my dictate an even number of units. (9) Shipping limitations (one piece runner, etc.). ( 1 O Foundation conditions. ( 1 1 Requirements of the punping cycle. 1-8. TYPES OF TURBINES. Modern hydraul
40、ic turbines my be classified as reaction turbines or inpulse turbines. a. Types of Reaction Turbines include: (1 Rancis. Bulb). (2) Fhed Blade hropeller. (3) Adjustable Blade Propeller (Kaplan, nibe or Slant Axis, and 1-4 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without l
41、icense from IHS-,-,-ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 ( 4 Fixed Blade Mixed Flow. (5) Adjustable Blade Mixed Flow (Deriaz). Water passages are enclosed and completely filled with water. The energy transfer fromthe water to the turbine runner is due to the pressure and change in direction of the water. Reac
42、tion turbines operate at heads up to 1600 feet or more. The setting, while usually vertical, may be horizontal or inclined. b. Impulse turbines are suitable for operation at heads as high as 6000 feet. The water is open to atmosphere at all points beyond the nozzle and the transfer of energy from th
43、e water to the runner is due to the turning of the jet nearly 180 degrees by the buckets which are arranged around the periphery of the runner. The setting may be horizontal or vertical. 1-9. TYPES OF PUMP-TURBINES. a. Pump-turbines are similar to reaction turbines, except that they operate in one d
44、irection of rotation as pumps and in the opposite direction as turbines. They consist of three principal types: ( 1 1 Radial flow or Francis type. (2) Mixed flow or diagonal flow. (3) mial flow or propeller type. b. The mixed flow and Axial flow types include both fixed-blade and adjustable-blade ma
45、chines. 1-10. MODEL TEST. a. Hydraulic turbines and punpturbines are not off-the-shelf items of equipment. They are designed to suit the head, power and pumping requirements of a particular site. b. While manufacturers have models developed to cover a range in heads and capacities, mcdifications to
46、an existing model or development of a new model design my be necessary to determine performance at a specified condition. c. Model testing is necessary if the state of the art is to 1-5 2731 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-= 3515789 O
47、023069 870 ETL 1110-2-317 15 Dec 1988 advance. New improved designs which permit more economical speeds, improved efficiencies and settings with relationship to tailwater need to be developed. The Corps of Engineers requires model tests to develop a runner most suitable to the requirements of the pr
48、oject and to confirm that the guaranteed performance will be met. As more model and prototype tests become available, more accurate results of model changes and MODEL-PROTOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS. Affinity laws and model to prototype relationships for turbines and pump turbines are included in Appendix A
49、. 2-7. GUAZWEES. a. When available, previous del tests can be used as the basis for guarantees, the guaranteed efficiency values should be set 1/4 percent less than the indicated model efficiencies. See also Paragraph 1-11. b. Likewise, horsepower guarantees should be set two percent less than the values shown on the expe
