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16、andards and related publications, visit our Online Store at shop.csa.caor call toll-free 1-800-463-6727 or 416-747-4044.TMA trade-mar k of the Canadian S tandards Association, operating as “CSA Group”Evaluating emerging materials andtechnologies for infectionprevention and controlEXP06-2015EXP06-201
17、5Evaluating emerging materials and technologies for infectionprevention and controlDecember 2015 2015 CSA Group 1ContentsDevelopment Committee on Emerging Materials and Technologies for Infection Prevention andControl 2Preface 30 Introduction 41 Scope 51.1 General 51.2 Intended users 52 References 5
18、3 Evaluating characteristics of emerging materials and technologies 74 Limitations on evaluation and implementation of materials and technologies for infectionprevention and control 11EXP06-2015Evaluating emerging materials and technologies for infectionprevention and controlDecember 2015 2015 CSA G
19、roup 2Development Committee on EmergingMaterials and Technologies for InfectionPrevention and ControlE. Bryce Vancouver General Hospital,Vancouver, British ColumbiaG. Burrill Teegor Consulting,Fredericton, New BrunswickM. DiFonzo IPAC-Canada,Toronto, OntarioB. HuntClass 1 Inc./CHAIR,Cambridge, Ontar
20、ioM. Keen St. Michaels Hospital,Toronto, OntarioA. McGeer Mount Sinai Hospital,Toronto, OntarioI. Pequegnat STERIS Canada Inc.,Mississauga, OntarioJ. Polisena CADTH,Ottawa, OntarioL. Wilson Orr Parkin Architects Ltd.,Toronto, OntarioN. Bestic CSA Group,Toronto, OntarioProgram ManagerJ. Kraegel CSA G
21、roup,Toronto, OntarioProject ManagerThe Development Committee wishes to acknowledge Dr. Michael Noble and Barry Hunt for initiatingthis project in consultation with CSA Group staff.EXP06-2015Evaluating emerging materials and technologies for infectionprevention and controlDecember 2015 2015 CSA Grou
22、p 3PrefaceThis is the first edition of CSA EXP06, Evaluating emerging materials and technologies for infectionprevention and control. This Express Document is not a consensus product; that is, it is not a Standardand it has not been formally reviewed or approved by a CSA Technical Committee.This Exp
23、ress Document has been prepared and reviewed by the Development Committee on EmergingMaterials and Technologies for Infection Prevention and Control.Notes:1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows.2) Although the intended primary application of this Do
24、cument is statement in its introduction, it is important tonote that it remains the responsibility of the users of the Document to judge its suitability for their particularpurpose.3) To submit a proposal for change, please send the following information to inquiriescsagroup.org andinclude “Proposal
25、 for change” in the subject line:a) designation (number);b) relevant section, table, and/or figure number;c) wording of the proposed change; andd) rationale for the change.EXP06-2015Evaluating emerging materials and technologies for infectionprevention and controlDecember 2015 2015 CSA Group 4EXP06-
26、2015Evaluating emerging materials andtechnologies for infection prevention andcontrol0 IntroductionContaminated patient environments can contribute to the transmission of potential pathogens such asmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE), andCl
27、ostridium difficile. Evidence to support the role of the environment in the transmission of pathogensincludes documentation of room contamination with antibiotic-resistant organisms or multidrug-resistant organisms, the environmental persistence of many of these pathogens, the frequency withwhich gl
28、oved and ungloved hands are contaminated during contact with surfaces and equipment,intervention studies illustrating decreased infections with improved cleaning, and outbreakreports.(1,2,3,4,5)In particular, there is a growing body of evidence to support the view that prior room occupancy bypatient
29、s with antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AROs) or multidrug-resistant organisms poses anadditional risk to subsequent patients.(1,6,7)Manual cleaning and disinfection has been the mainstay forenvironmental cleaning but can be suboptimal.(8,9)Currently, the health-care system relies on human operato
30、rs to select the appropriate chemical agent inthe correct concentration, apply it in the proper sequence to all surfaces and equipment, and leave thedisinfectant for the requisite contact time to ensure effectiveness, consistently room-by-room and day-to-day. There are many studies documenting varia
31、bility in the cleaning process including breaches incleaning protocol, errors in dilution of chemicals and their application, and inadequate contact withsurfaces and equipment.(10,11,12,13,14)As a result, throughout North America, new materials and devicesare being evaluated as supplemental technolo
32、gies to combat health-care acquired infections (HAIs)(15).This Express Document (herein referred to as “this Document”) is intended to provide guidance in theassessment of emerging materials and technologies that fall into the following two categories:a) surface active materials (also referred to as
33、 self-disinfecting or self-sanitizing surfaces); andb) no-touch room disinfection.This Document does not name specific materials and technologies, since new products are constantlybeing introduced and creating a definitive list would be impossible. Rather, it is meant to provide ameans for facilitie
34、s to gather useful information for deciding among the various products available.The information gathered in this Document can be used for organizational decision support tools suchas cost/benefit analysis, risk analysis, etc. It is understood that such tools sometimes require assigningrelative weig
35、hts to the criteria. The checklists included in this Document do not assign weights to thedifferent attributes being considered, since these would vary in importance depending on theinstitution; however, weights can be easily added as part of the evaluation process by inserting anothercolumn in the
36、checklists.EXP06-2015Evaluating emerging materials and technologies for infectionprevention and controlDecember 2015 2015 CSA Group5The emerging materials and technologies addressed in this Document are meant to supplement thecurrently accepted cleaning and disinfection practices for patient care en
37、vironments. Further researchand development of these materials and technologies, as well as third-party clinical studies andevaluation of their operational impact, are encouraged. Use of these new technologies does not replacethe need for manual cleaning and/or disinfection.1 Scope1.1 GeneralThis Do
38、cument provides guidance in the evaluation of new materials and technologies in the physicalenvironment. It is intended to help reduce health-care acquired infections (HAIs) and addresses thefollowing topics:a) potential risks to patients, staff, and the environment;b) physical impacts; andc) human
39、factors.1.2 Intended usersThis Document is intended to be used bya) architects;b) biomedical experts;c) cleaning and environmental services departments both outsourced and internal (includinghousekeeping);d) contractors;e) facility maintenance staff;f) facility engineering staff;g) health-care admin
40、istrators;h) infection prevention and control staff and departments;i) logistics and purchasing;j) manufacturers and suppliers;k) ministries of health;l) ministries of labour;m) occupational health and safety professionals and committees;n) patient safety departments;o) researchers and academics; an
41、dp) standards developers.2 ReferencesThe following publications are referenced in this Document:1 Hamel, M., Zoutman, D., OCallaghan, C. 2010. Exposure to hospital roommates as a risk factorfor health care-associated infection. American Journal of Infection Control. 38(3), 173-181.2 Otter, J.A.,Yezl
42、i, S., Salkeld, J.A., French G.L. 2013. Evidence that contaminated surfacescontribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to addresscontaminated surfaces in hospital settings. American Journal of Infection Control. 41(5 Suppl),S6-S11.EXP06-2015Evaluating emerging
43、materials and technologies for infectionprevention and controlDecember 2015 2015 CSA Group 63 Huslage, K., Rutala,W.A., Gergen, M.F., Sickbert-Bennett, E.E.,Weber, D.J. 2013. Microbialassessment of high-, medium-, and low-touch hospital room surfaces. Infection Control &Hospital Epidemiology. 34(2),
44、 211-212.4 Stiefel, U., Cadnum, J.L., Eckstein, B.C. Guerrero, D.M.,Tima, M.A., Donskey, C.J. 2011.Contamination of hands with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after contact withenvironmental surfaces and after contact with the skin of colonized patients. Infection Control& Hospital Epide
45、miology. 32(2), 185-187.5 Morgan, D.J., Rogawaski, E., Thom, K.A., Johnson, J.K., Perencevich, E.N., Shardell, M., Leekha,S., Harris, A.D. 2012. Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria to healthcare workers gloves andgowns after patient contact increases with environmental contamination. Critical C
46、areMedicine. 40(4), 1045-1051.6 Huang, S.S., Datta, R., Platt, R. 2006. Risk of acquiring antibiotic-resistant bacteria from priorroom occupants. Archives of Internal Medicine. 166(18), 1945-1951.7 Drees, M., Snydman, D.R., Schmid, C.H., Barefoot, L., Hansjosten, K.,Vue, P.M., Cronin, M.,Nasraway, S
47、.A., Golan,Y. 2008. Prior environmental contamination increases the risk ofacquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 46(5), 678-685.8 Hayden, M.K., Blom, D.W., Lyle, E.A., Moore, C.G.,Weinstein, R.A. 2008. Risk of hand or glovecontamination after contact with pat
48、ients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus orthe colonized patients environment. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 29(2), 149-154.9 Carling, P.C., Parry, M.F., Bruno-Murtha, L.A., Dick, B. 2010. Improving environmental hygienein 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resi
49、stant bacterial transmission. Critical CareMedicine. 38(4), 1054-1059.10 Weber, D.J., Anderson, D., Rutala,W.A. 2013. The role of the surface environment inhealthcare-associated infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 26(4), 338-344.11 Bellamy, E. 2012. An audit of cleaning effectiveness using adenosine triphosphate (ATP)bioluminescence assay following outbreaks of infection. Journal of Infection Prevention. 13(5),154-157.12 Xu, H., Jin, H., Zhao, L.,Wei, X., Hu, L., Shen, L.,Wei, L., Xie, L., Kong, Q.,Wang,Y., Ni, X. 2015. Arand
