1、N288.1-14Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilitiesLegal NoticeThis document is provided by the Canadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) as a convenience only. Disclaimer and
2、exclusion of liabilityThis document is provided without any representations, warranties, or conditions of any kind, express or implied, including, without limitation, implied warranties or conditions concerning this documents fitness for a particular purpose or use, its merchantability, or its non-i
3、nfringement of any third partys intellectual property rights. CSA Group does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or currency of any of the information published in this document. CSA Group makes no representations or warranties regarding this documents compliance with any applicable statute, rul
4、e, or regulation. IN NO EVENT SHALL CSA GROUP, ITS VOLUNTEERS, MEMBERS, SUBSIDIARIES, OR AFFILIATED COMPANIES, OR THEIR EMPLOYEES, DIRECTORS, OR OFFICERS, BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INJURY, LOSS, COSTS, OR EXPENSES, HOWSOEVER CAUSED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECI
5、AL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOST REVENUE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOST OR DAMAGED DATA, OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL OR ECONOMIC LOSS, WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), OR ANY OTHER THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR RESULTING FROM ACCESS TO OR POSSESSION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT
6、, EVEN IF CSA GROUP HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, INJURY, LOSS, COSTS, OR EXPENSES.In publishing and making this document available, CSA Group is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity or to perform any duty owed by an
7、y person or entity to another person or entity. The information in this document is directed to those who have the appropriate degree of experience to use and apply its contents, and CSA Group accepts no responsibility whatsoever arising in any way from any and all use of or reliance on the informat
8、ion contained in this document. Intellectual property rights and ownershipAs between CSA Group and the users of this document (whether it be in printed or electronic form), CSA Group is the owner, or the authorized licensee, of all works contained herein that are protected by copyright, all trade-ma
9、rks (except as otherwise noted to the contrary), and all inventions and trade secrets that may be contained in this document, whether or not such inventions and trade secrets are protected by patents and applications for patents. Without limitation, the unauthorized use, modification, copying, or di
10、sclosure of this document may violate laws that protect CSA Groups and/or others intellectual property and may give rise to a right in CSA Group and/or others to seek legal redress for such use, modification, copying, or disclosure. To the extent permitted by licence or by law, CSA Group reserves al
11、l intellectual property rights in this document.Patent rightsAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CSA Group shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Users of this document are express
12、ly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights is entirely their own responsibility.Use of this documentThis document is being provided by CSA Group for informational and non-commercial use only. If you do not agree with any of the terms and conditions contained in this Lega
13、l Notice, you may not use this document. Use of this document constitutes your acceptance of the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice.Standards Update ServiceN288.1-14March 2014Title: Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for
14、 normal operation of nuclear facilitiesPagination: 362 pages (xii preliminary and 350 text), each dated March 2014To register for e-mail notification about any updates to this publicationgo to shop.csa.caclick on CSA Update ServiceThe List ID that you will need to register for updates to this public
15、ation is 2422780.If you require assistance, please e-mail techsupportcsagroup.org or call 416-747-2233.Visit CSA Groups policy on privacy at csagroup.org/legal to find out how we protect your personal information.TMA trade-mark of the Canadian Standards Association, operating as “CSA Group”Published
16、 in March 2014 by CSA GroupA not-for-profit private sector organization5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N61-800-463-6727 416-747-4044Visit our Online Store at shop.csa.caN288.1-14Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and
17、 liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilities100%ISBN 978-1-77139-407-9 2014 CSA GroupAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission of the publisher.To purchase standards and related publications, visit our Onlin
18、e Store at shop.csa.ca or call toll-free 1-800-463-6727 or 416-747-4044.CSA Group prints its publications on Rolland Enviro100, which contains 100% recycled post-consumer fibre, is EcoLogo and Processed Chlorine Free certified, and was manufactured using biogas energy.March 2014 iiiContents 2014 CSA
19、 GroupGuidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material inairborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilitiesTechnical Committee on Environmental Management (N288) viiiSubcommittee on Derived Release Limits for Radioactivity in Effluents for Normal Opera
20、tion xPreface xii0Introduction 10.1 Derived release limit (DRL) 10.2 History of the Guideline 10.3 Need for a new edition 10.4 Changes in this edition 21Scope 21.1 Facilities 21.2 Release paths 21.3 Release duration 21.4 Contaminants 31.5 Receptors 31.6 Downwind distance of validity 31.7 Site specif
21、icity 31.8 Level of complexity 31.8.1 Simpler approaches 31.8.2 Default transfer parameters 41.9 Terminology 42 Reference publications 43 Definitions and abbreviations 123.1 Definitions 123.2 Abbreviations 144Basic concepts 154.1 Dose limits 154.2 Representative person concept 164.2.1 Grouping membe
22、rs of the public 164.2.2 Age classes 164.2.3 Multiple representative persons 164.2.4 Aboriginal and other representative persons 164.2.5 Homogeneity and group size 174.2.6 Averaging across distinct practices 174.2.7 Data for the representative person 174.2.8 Nuclear facility workers 174.2.9 Conserva
23、tive dose estimates for the representative person 174.3 Selection of radionuclides 185 Environmental transfer model 245.1 General concepts 245.2 Calculation of derived release limits (DRLs) 305.2.1 General 305.2.2 DRLs for releases to air 305.2.3 DRLs for releases to surface water 31N288.1-14 2014 C
24、SA Groupiv March 20145.2.4 Dose per unit release 315.2.5 Dose per unit release to air 315.2.6 Dose per unit release to surface water 315.2.7 Stochastic and deterministic effects and limits 315.2.8 General procedure for calculation 326 Transfer parameters for airborne releases 326.1 Atmospheric dispe
25、rsion (P01) 326.1.1 Air concentrations 326.1.2 Effective release height 346.1.3 Vertical dispersion and building wake effects 376.1.4 Meteorological data 396.1.5 Decay and ingrowth 416.1.6 Tritium transformation from HT to HTO 426.2 Air immersion (P(e)19) 436.2.1 Semi-infinite cloud model 436.2.2 Fi
26、nite cloud model 446.2.3 Dose coefficients 466.2.4 Occupancy factors 466.2.5 Building shielding factors 466.2.6 Noble gases 476.2.7 Radionuclides limited by dose to skin 476.2.8 Default values of P(e)19486.3 Radionuclide concentration in soil due to atmospheric deposition (P13) 486.3.1 Soil compartm
27、ent 486.3.2 Soil model 496.3.3 Deposition velocity 506.3.4 Erosion losses 526.3.5 Volatilization losses 536.3.6 Losses due to leaching 536.3.7 Losses due to crop removal 546.4 Deposition on crops, forage, and wild plants (P14) 546.4.1 Deposition model 546.4.2 Values of fint556.4.3 Values of tf 556.4
28、.4 Values of p556.4.5 Values of te556.4.6 Tritiated water (HTO) 556.4.7 Elemental tritium (HT) 566.4.8 Organically bound tritium (OBT) 576.4.9 Carbon-14 (C-14) 586.5 Transfer from soil to groundwater wells (P3area2w) 586.5.1 Conceptual well model 586.5.2 Groundwater travel time 596.5.3 Transfer to w
29、ell water 606.5.4 Tritiated water (HTO) 626.5.5 C-14 626.6 Transfer from soil to inland pond (P3area2p) 636.6.1 Pond model 636.6.2 Parameter values for the pond model 646.7 Transfer from atmosphere to inland pond (P12p) 666.7.1 Pond model 666.7.2 Parameter values 666.7.3 Tritiated water (HTO) 66 201
30、4 CSA GroupGuidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material inairborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilitiesMarch 2014 v6.7.4 C-14 666.8 Plant uptake from soil (P3mass4) 676.9 Transfer from ponds and wells to animal and plant produce (P2p5and P2w5,
31、 P2p6and P2p7) 686.9.1 Radionuclides other than tritium and noble gases 686.9.2 Tritiated water 696.9.3 Organically-bound tritium (OBT) 706.9.4 P2p6and P2p7for tritium and C-14 716.9.5 Noble gases 716.10 Transfer from plants and invertebrates to animal produce (P45, P65, P75) 716.10.1 Radionuclides
32、other than tritium, C-14, and noble gases 716.10.2 Tritiated water 726.10.3 Organically-bound tritium (OBT) 736.10.4 C-14 and noble gases 746.10.5 Transfer to honey (P45-honey) 756.11 Transfer from soil and sediment to animal produce (P3mass5, P85) 756.11.1 Radionuclides other than tritium, C-14, an
33、d noble gases 756.11.2 Tritium, C-14, and noble gases 766.12 Transfer from air to animal produce (P15) 766.12.1 Radionuclides other than tritium, C-14, and noble gases 766.12.2 Tritium 776.12.3 C-14 and noble gases 776.13 Transfer from air to humans (P(i)19) 776.14 External dose from ground deposits
34、 (P(e)3area9) 786.15 Internal dose from ingestion (P(i)29, P(i)3mass9, P49, and P59) 796.15.1 Human dietary intakes 796.15.2 Soil intake 806.15.3 Drinking water intake rates 806.15.4 Ingestion dose 816.16 Dose from water immersion (P(e)2w9) 826.16.1 External dose 826.16.2 Internal dose from tritium
35、837 Transfer parameters for releases to surface water 847.1 Aquatic dispersion (P02) 847.1.1 Liquid emissions 847.1.2 Radionuclide concentrations in receiving waters 847.1.3 Discharges to coastal waters 847.1.4 Discharges to rivers 877.2 Contamination of soil by irrigation (P23) 887.2.1 Irrigation 8
36、87.2.2 Transfer from irrigation water to soil 897.2.3 Parameter values for the irrigation model 897.2.4 Re-suspension of soil (P3area1)907.2.5 Volatilization from irrigated soil (P3mass1) 907.3 Direct contamination of crops by spray irrigation (P24) 927.3.1 Radionuclides other than tritium, C-14, an
37、d noble gases 927.3.2 Tritiated water (HTO) 927.3.3 Organically bound tritium (OBT) 927.3.4 C-14 937.4 Transfer from surface water to animal produce (P25) 937.5 Internal dose from drinking water (P(i)29) 947.6 Dose from water immersion (P(e)29) 947.6.1 External dose 947.6.2 Internal dose from tritiu
38、m 95N288.1-14 2014 CSA Groupvi March 20147.7 Transfer to aquatic animals (P26) and plants (P27) 957.7.1 Bioaccumulation factors 957.7.2 Fresh water 967.7.3 Sea water 977.7.4 Tritium 977.7.5 C-14 987.8 Transfer to sediment (P28) 1007.9 Transfer from aquatic biota and sediment to animal produce 1007.9
39、.1 Transfer from aquatic animals (P65) and plants (P75) to animal produce 1007.9.2 Transfer from sediment to animal produce (P85) 1017.10 External dose from contaminated shoreline (P(e)89) 1017.11 Internal dose from incidental ingestion of contaminated sediments (P(i)89) 1027.12 Internal dose from i
40、ntake of aquatic foods and irrigated crops 1028 Application guides 1038.1 Source averaging times for monitoring 1038.1.1 Airborne releases 1038.1.2 Liquid releases 1048.2 Release duration 1048.2.1 General considerations 1048.2.2 Intermittent releases 1048.2.3 Airborne releases 1048.2.4 Liquid releas
41、es 1058.2.5 Alternative approaches 1068.3 Additivity effects from different radionuclides, pathways, and sources 1068.4 Practical monitoring considerations 106AnnexesA Default values of transfer parameters 108B Sample calculations 247C Dose coefficients 261D Selection of limiting radionuclides for m
42、ixed effluents 286E Half-lives and decay constants for the radionuclides considered in this Guideline 288F Hydrologic and aquatic transport models 292G Parameter values for terrestrial pathways models 298H The finite cloud model for air immersion dose 313I Equations for transfer factors for progeny
43、in decay chains 344Tables1 Dose limits for members of the public 152 Age classes 163 Radionuclides considered in this Guideline and the exposure pathways that should be considered for progeny 224 Chemical forms and associated pathways considered in this Guideline 245 Soil, sediment, plant, and anima
44、l types considered in this Guideline 256 Transfer compartments and their units 277 Transfer parameters and their units 288 Stability-dependent parameters used to calculate the vertical dispersion parameter arising from atmospheric turbulence alone 389 Roughness-dependent parameters used to calculate
45、 the vertical dispersion parameter arising from atmospheric turbulence alone 3810 Recommended wind speed classes 4011 Regional values of absolute humidity (Lm3) averaged over seasons of the year 4312 Effective release heights above which the finite cloud model should be used 45 2014 CSA GroupGuideli
46、nes for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material inairborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilitiesMarch 2014 vii13 Radionuclides for which skin dose can be limiting 4814 Default values for dry deposition velocity and washout ratio 5115 Regional values for
47、i+ w6516 Fraction of water in animal food products (unitless) attributed to various sources of water 7017 OBT/HTO ratios in animal products following water ingestion (fOBT)7118 Stable carbon concentration in various animal products 7419 Inhalation rates for each age class 7820 Recommended incidental
48、 soil ingestion rates, Is(g dw d1) 8021 Recommended drinking water intake rates, Iw(Ld1) 8122 Body skin surface area, Sa, for ICRP age groups 8323 Default transfer parameter P26for C-14 9924 Coefficient of variation for each intermittent scenario 105Figures1 Environmental transfer model 30N288.1-14
49、2014 CSA Groupviii March 2014Technical Committee on Environmental Management (N288)J. Ryan CANDU Owners Group Inc.,Toronto, OntarioChairA. Rosaasen AREVA Resources Canada Inc.,Saskatoon, SaskatchewanVice-ChairN. Ali Environment Canada,Toronto, OntarioAssociateP. Allsop Candu Energy Inc.,Mississauga, OntarioAssociateJ. Anderson Golder Associates Ltd.,Mississauga, OntarioAssociateA. Antoniazzi Kinectrics Inc.,Toronto, OntarioAssociateI. Benovich Enviro Health Physics Consulting Inc.,Thornhill, OntarioD. Chambers Decommissioning
