1、Z317.5-98(reaffirmed 2013)Illumination systems in health care facilitiesStandards Update ServiceZ317.5-98March 1998Title: Illumination systems in health care facilitiesPagination: 56 pages (xii preliminary and 44 text), each dated March 1998To register for e-mail notification about any updates to th
2、is publicationgo to shop.csa.caclick on CSA Update ServiceThe List ID that you will need to register for updates to this publication is 2006841.If you require assistance, please e-mail techsupportcsagroup.org or call 416-747-2233.Visit CSA Groups policy on privacy at csagroup.org/legal to find out h
3、ow we protect your personal information.Z317.S-98 nluminatfon Systems in Health Care Fadlitfes ISSN 0317-5669 Published in March 1998 by Canadian Standards Association 178 Rexdale Boulevard Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W lR3 Technical Editor: Andre Wisaksana Managing Editor: Gary Burford Senior Proj
4、ect Editor: Ann Martin Editor: Maria Adragna Publishing System Coordinators: Ursula Das/Grace Da Silva/Tarsem Suri Canadian Standards Association - 7998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior p
5、ermission of the publisher. Illumination Systems in Health Care Facilities Contents Technical Committee on Health Care Facility Engineering and Physical Plant vi Subcommittee on Illumination Systems in Health Care Facilities viii Preface x 1. Scope 1 2. Definitions 1. Reference Publications 5 4. Des
6、ign Considerations 7 4.1 General 7 4.1.1 General Requirements 7 4.1.2 Specific Considerations 7 4.1.3 Energy Consumption 7 4.1.4 Functional and Aesthetic Requirements 7 4.1.5 Luminance Ratios 8 4.2 Light Sources 8 4.2.1 General Requirements 8 4.2.2 Colour Temperature 8 4.2.3 Incandescent Lamps 8 4.2
7、.4 Electric Power Reduction Devices 8 4.3 Luminaires 9 4.3.1 General Requirements 9 4.3.2 Selection Considerations 9 4.3.3 Enclosures 9 4.4 Switching 9 4.4.1 General 9 4.4.2 Egress Illumination 10 4.4.3 Multiple-Level Switching 10 4.4.4 Reduction of Artificial Illumination 10 4.4.5 Exterior Lighting
8、 10 4.4.6 Switching of Key Locations 10 4.5 Task Lighting 10 4.5.1 General 10 4.5.2 Where Required 10 4.5.3 Basic Requirements 10 4.5.4 Design Considerations 10 4.5.5 Visual Display Terminals 11 4.6 Room Surface Reflectances 77 4.6.1 Selection of Finishes 71 4.6.2 Glare 11 4.6.3 Colour Accents 71 4.
9、7 Light Loss Factor 11 March 1998 iii Z317.S-98 s. Specific Facility Areas 11 5.1 Patient Rooms 17 5.1.1 Adult Patient Rooms 11 5.1.2 Long-Term Care Patient Rooms 12 5.1.3 Psychiatric Patient Rooms 13 5.1.4 Pediatric and Adolescent Patient Rooms 73 5.1.5 Nurseries 13 5.2 Examination and Treatment Ro
10、oms 14 5.2.1 General 14 5.2.2 Requirements 74 5.3 I ntensive Care Areas 14 5.3.1 General 14 5.3.2 Illumination Modes 14 5.3.3 General Illumination 14 5.3.4 Illumination for Examination 14 5.3.5 Nursing Station Illumination 14 5.3.6 Progressive Coronary Care Unit 75 5.3.7 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
11、 15 5.4 Dialysis Units 15 5.4.1 General 15 5.4.2 Special Requirements 75 5.5 Nursing Stations 15 5.5.1 General 15 5.5.2 Special Requirements 15 5.5.3 Task Lighting 15 5.6 Corridors 16 5.6.1 Illumination Levels 16 5.6.2 Night Lighting 16 5.7 Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Areas and Bedside Monitoring
12、Equipment 16 5.7.1 General 16 5.7.2 Design Considerations 16 5.7 .3 Location 1 6 5.7.4 Surface Reflectance 76 5.7.5 Illumination Levels 16 5.8 DiagnostiC Imaging Suites (Including Echocardiography, Lithotripsy, Radiographic, Magnetic Resonance, Computerized Tomography, and Ultrasound Suites) 16 5.8.
13、1 Switching and Dimming 16 5.8.2 Minimum Illumination Level 77 5.8.3 Placement of Illumination 71 5.8.4 Overhead Luminaires 1 7 5.8.5 Special Considerations 17 5.9 Obstetric Delivery Suites 77 5.9.1 Birthing Rooms 77 5.9.2 Labour Rooms 17 5.9.3 Delivery Areas 17 5.9.4 Postdelivery Recovery Area 18 5
14、.10 Surgical Areas 18 5.10.1 General 18 5.10.2 Holding Areas and Preparation/Induction Rooms 18 5.10.3 Operating and Trauma Rooms 18 5.1 0.4 Recovery Rooms 1 9 5.11 Medical Emergency Heliports 19 iv March 1998 5.12 Food Preparation Areas 79 5.1 3 Parkade Areas 1 9 5.13.1 Illumination Levels 79 5.13.
15、2 Indoor Ramps and Corners 20 5.13.3 Surface Reflectance 20 5.13.4 Selection of Luminaires 20 5.13.5 Outdoor Parking Areas 20 5.14 Shop and Clinical Laboratory Areas 20 6. Illumination System Requirements 20 6.1 Illumination Requirements 20 6.1.1 General 20 6.1.2 Task Lighting 20 6.1.3 Artificial Il
16、lumination 20 6.1.4 Average and Task Specific Levels of Illumination 20 6.2 Reflectances 21 6.3 Luminance Ratios 22 6.4 Emergency Lighting 23 Tables 22 Appendices A - Illumination Systems Considerations 28 B - Maintenance of Illumination Systems 31 C - Economics of Lighting Systems 37 D - Measuremen
17、t of Approximate Illumination Levels 40 E - Approximate Measurement of Reflectance Factor 41 F - Bibliography 42 illumination Systems in Health Care Facilities March 1998 V Z317.S-98 Technical Committee on Health Care Facility Engineering and Physical Plant M.J. Wojcik M.G. OReilly A. Alias B.J. Bel
18、anger W.D. Carson W.J. Drodge L. Elnnas H. Goodfellow G. Granek V.Hay P. Houtzager M. Keen N.L. Leipclger vi Crossroads Regional Health Authority, Wetaskiwin, Alberta Quadratec Inc., St. Johns, Newfoundland Parkin Architects Ltd., Toronto, Ontario Representing Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
19、 Grey Bruce Regional Health Centre, Owen Sound, Ontario Steen Contractors Ltd., Toronto, Ontario Peninsulas Health Care Corporation, Clarenville, Newfoundland Representing Canadian Healthcare Association Guelph General Hospital, Guelph, Ontario Goodfellow Consultants Inc., Mississauga, Ontario North
20、 York, Ontario Ottawa, Ontario Representing Operating Room Nurses Association of Canada Alberta Public Works Supply and Services, Edmonton, Alberta St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Leipciger, Kaminker, Mitelman it must contribute to safety; and it must be efficient, low in maintenance, and ab
21、le to serve a facility that may operate 24 h a day, 365 days a year. Two major factors govern adequate illumination in each area and for each activity in the health care facility: (a) the quality of the illumination, ie, the colour rendition and the distribution of luminance; and (b) the quantity of
22、 illumination. It is recognized that age influences the suitability of lighting levels in the performance of tasks. The mean age within Canadian health care facilities is rising, resulting in the need for higher lighting levels. The lighting levels in this Standard have been specified based on a min
23、imum user population age of 55. It is recognized that this may lead to an increase in energy consumption. Where appropriate and with proper consultation, the lighting levels may be modified to suit individual needs. This Standard has been written for as wide an audience as possible, including design
24、ers, consultants, hospital administration, and engineering departments. Every effort has been made not to restrict the application of new technologies within the health care facility. However, proper evaluation of new technologies prior to implementation is needed to ensure overall safety. This Stan
25、dard is not intended to be used as a textbook on lighting. The IES Lighting Handbook and other similar material, courses, and seminars serve these purposes. To help establish the levels of illumination to be included in this Standard, the energy conservation measures in many health care facilities w
26、ere examined. A survey of these health care facilities produced data which, together with the data from the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), illumination societies in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany, and German and Australian standards, have formed the basis for the
27、 levels of illumination recommended in this Standard. The Alberta Government publication Mechanical and Electrkal Design Guidelines10r Health Care Facilities, the Ontario Ministry of Health publication Illumination Systems in Hospitals, and the IESNA publication lI1umination Systems in Health Care F
28、acilities were also referred to and contributed to the preparation of the first edition of this Standard. This Standard was prepared by the Subcommittee on Illumination in Health Care Facilities, under the jurisdiction of the Technical Committee on Health Care Facility Engineering and Physical Plant
29、 and the Strategic Steering Committee on Health Care Technology. The Standard was formally approved by these Committees. March 7998 Notes: (1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows. (2) Although the intended primary application of this Standard is sta
30、ted in its Scope, it is important to note that it remains the responsibility of the users of the Standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose. (3) This publication was developed by consensus, which is defined by the (SA Regulations Governing Standardization as “substantial agreemen
31、t reached by concerned interests. Consensus includes an attempt to remove all objections and implies much more than the concept of a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity“. It is consistent with this definition that a member may be included in the Technical Committee list and yet not be in
32、full agreement with a/l clauses of the publication. x March 1998 Illumination Systems in Health Care Facilities (4) CSA Standards are subject to periodic review, and suggestions for their improvement will be referred to the appropriate committee. (5) All enquiries regarding this Standard, including
33、requests for interpretation should be addressed to Canadian Standards Association Standards Development, 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Etobicoke, Ontario M9W 1 R3. Requests for interpretation should (a) define the problem, making reference to the specific clause, and, where appropriate, include an illustra
34、tive sketch; (b) provide an explanation of circumstances surrounding the actual field condition; and (c) be phrased where possible to permit a specific “yes“ or “no“ answer. Committee Interpretations are processed in accordance with the CSA Directives and guidelines governing standardization and are
35、 published in CSAs periodical Info Update. For subscription details, write to CSA Sales Promotion I nfo Update, at the address given above. March 1998 XI Z317.5-98 xii March 1998 Illumination Systems in Health Care Facilities Z317.S-98 Dlumination Systems in Health Care Fadlities 1. Scope 1.1 This S
36、tandard provides specific design criteria for illumination systems in various locations within a health care facility. Note: Lighting is both an art and a science. The basic technical criteria given in this Standard are not intended to inhibit creative design, but rather to ensure that minimum requi
37、rements are met. 1.2 This Standard deals with (a) illumination sources; (b) luminaires; (c) illumination levels (see Tables 1, 2, and 3); and (d) guidelines for specific areas and tasks. 1.3 This Standard does not deal with (a) therapeutic illumination devices (eg, phototherapy lamps); and (b) speci
38、al purpose devices such as UV sources for sterilization. 1.4 This Standard addresses requirements for illumination systems. However, it is not meant to remove the need for consultation with users regarding specific or unusual requirements. 1.5 The requirements in this Standard are intended to be sub
39、ordinate to applicable Provincial, Federal, or local regulatory authorities. 1.6 In this Standard, “shall“ indicates a mandatory requirement; “should“ indicates a recommendation, or that which is advised but not mandatory. Notes accompanying clauses do not include mandatory or alternative requiremen
40、ts. The purpose of a Note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material that is not properly a part of the Standard. Notes to figures and tables are considered to be part of the figure or table and are written as mandatory requirements. 2. Definitions 2.1 The
41、 following definitions apply in this Standard: March 1998 1 Z3 7 7.5-98 Note: Different terms may be used to refer to the same illuminating engineering parameters (eg, luminance for brightness, illuminance for illumination). In the following list of definitions, the approved terms are defined and cr
42、oss-referenced to older terms that are still in limited use. Adaptation - the process by which the retina becomes accustomed to more or less light, or light of a different colour. Ambient lighting - the general illumination throughout an area. Ballast - a device used with fluorescent and high intens
43、ity discharge (HID) lamps to obtain the necessary circuit conditions (voltage, current, frequency, and wave form) for starting and operating. It limits the flow of current through the lamp. Brightness - see luminance and Subjective brightness. Candela, cd (formerly candle) - the SI unit of luminous
44、intensity. Candlepower, cp - the luminous intensity of a light source expressed in candelas. For the defined relationships between units, see Illuminance. Colour rendering - the general expression for the effect of a light source on the colour appearance of an object in conscious or subconscious com
45、parison with its colour appearance under a reference light source. Colour rendering index (of a light source), CRI- the measure of the degree to which the perceived colour of an object illuminated by the source conforms to that of the same object illuminated by a reference light source of comparable
46、 colour temperature. Colour temperature - the temperature of the black body radiator which emits radiation of the same chromaticity as the radiation considered. The unit of measurement is the kelvin (K). Contrast (luminance contrast) - the relationship between the luminances of an object or task det
47、ail and its immediate background. Diffuser - a device that redirects or scatters light from a source, primarily by the process of diffuse transmission. Diffuse reflection - the process by which incident flux is redirected over a range of angles. Direct glare - glare resulting from excessive luminanc
48、e and insufficiently shielded light sources within the field of view. Downllght - a luminaire that directs all the luminous flux down. It is usually recessed, though it may be surface-mounted or suspended. Efficacy, lumens per watt - the quotient of the total of emitted luminous flux from the lamp d
49、ivided by the electrical power (watts) input to the lamp. Equivalent Sphere Illumination (ESI) - the level of sphere illumination that would produce task visibility equivalent to that produced by a specific lighting environment. ESI is a means of measuring and predicting illumination quality as it relates to veiling reflections. In Canada, the unit in common use is the ESI foot candle. 2 March 7998 Illumination Systems in Health Care Facilities Examination lights -luminaires used for minor medical procedures outside the operating room. Extra-low voltage - any voltage up to and incl
