1、Ref. No. DIN 2194 : 2002-08English price group 08 Sales No. 010811.04DEUTSCHE NORM August 20022194Continued on pages 2 to 9. No part of this translation may be reproduced without the prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the e
2、xclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).Cold coiled cylindrical helical torsion springsRequirements and testingTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original should be consulted as the authoritative text.ICS 21.160Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus ru
3、nden Drhten und Stben Kaltgeformte Drehfedern GtenormIn keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO), a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker.ForewordThis standard has been prepared by the Normenausschuss Federn (Sprin
4、gs Standards Committee).ContentsPageForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Normative reference
5、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Torsion spring diagram (notation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Quantities, symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Materials
6、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Quality factor and tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 Tolerance on coil diameter of unloaded springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7、. 76.2 Spring torque tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.3 Tolerance on relative end angle of unloaded springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.4 Tolerance on free body length of open-coiled springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 Toleran
8、ces on leg lengths of unloaded springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 Tolerances on bend radii of unloaded springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.7 Tolerances on angles of bends on legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.8 Controlling spring char
9、acteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Torque testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Other relevant standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10、9Page 2DIN 2194 : 2002-08All dimensions are in millimetres.1 ScopeThis standard specifies quality requirements for and a method of testing cold coiled cylindrical helical torsionsprings with a wire diameter of up to 17 mm and design features as detailed in table 1.See DIN EN 13906-3 for more details
11、 on the design of such springs.Table 1: Spring design featuresMaximum wire or rod diameter, d 317 mmMaximum mean coil diameter, D 340 mmMaximum free body length, LK0630 mmMinimum number of active coils, n 2Spring index, w 4 to 20NOTE: It is recommended that the spring manufacturer be consulted regar
12、ding designs not covered in thisstandard.2 Normative referencesThis standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These norma-tive references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the titles of the publications are listed below.For dated ref
13、erences, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to thisstandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition ofthe publication referred to applies.DIN EN 10270-1 Steel wire for mechanical springs Part 1: Patented
14、cold drawn unalloyed spring steel wireDIN EN 10270-2 Steel wire for mechanical springs Part 2: Oil hardened and tempered spring steel wireDIN EN 10270-3 Steel wire for mechanical springs Part 3: Stainless spring steel wireDIN EN 12166 Copper and copper alloys Wire for general purposesDIN EN 13906-3
15、Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bars Calculation and design Part 3:Torsion springsDIN EN ISO 8734 Parallel pins, of hardened steel or martensitic stainless steel (dowel pins) (ISO 8734 : 1997)Page 3DIN 2194 : 2002-083 Torsion spring diagram (notation)1)1) Reference line for e an
16、gles.Figure 1: Notation (general)Page 4DIN 2194 : 2002-08Figure 3: Notation for torsion springs with tangential legsFigure 2: Notation for open-coiled torsion springsPage 5DIN 2194 : 2002-084 Quantities, symbols and unitsTable 2: Quantities, symbols and unitsSymbol Unit QuantityADmm Tolerance on coi
17、l diameter of unloaded springAL0mm Tolerance on free body length of open-coiled springAl1, Al2 Alnmm Tolerances on leg lengths of unloaded springAMN mm Spring torque toleranceAr1, Ar2 Arnmm Tolerances on bend radii of unloaded springAf1, Af2 AfnDegree Tolerances on angles of bends on legs f1, f2 fnA
18、gDegree Tolerance on relative end angle of unloaded springa mm Spring pitch (spring unloaded)2ieDDD+= mm Mean coil diameterDemm Outside coil diameterDimm Inside coil diameterDpmm Test mandrel diameterd mm Nominal diameter of wire or roddmaxmm Maximum diameter of wire or rod ddRmm Diameter of loading
19、 pinsF N Spring loadFigure 4: Notation for torsion springs with radial legs(continued)Page 6DIN 2194 : 2002-08Table 2 (concluded)Symbol Unit QuantityF1, F2 FnNSpring loads related to angular displacements a1, a2an(at a temperature of 20 C)kfFactor allowing for variations in spring body lengthksFacto
20、r allowing for variations in torqueLKmm Free body length of close-coiled spring (not including legs)LK0mm Free body length of open-coiled spring (not including legs)*)LKamm Loaded body length of close-coiled spring deflected to angle a(not including legs)l1, l2 lnmm Leg lengthsM N mm TorqueM1, M2N m
21、m Torques associated with a1and a2MnN mm Maximum permissible torque, at ann Number of active coilsQ Quality factorR1, R2mm Lengths of arms at which load is appliedr1, r2 rnmm Inside bend radiidDw = Spring indexz Factor used in the determination of na1, a2 anDegreeTorsional angles associated with tor
22、ques M1, M2.Mnor springloads F1, F2Fn(anbeing the maximum torsional angle)ahDegree Angular deflection of spring (stroke) between two positionsd0Degree Relative leg orientation under torquee0Degree Relative end fixing angle for unloaded springe1, e2 enDegree Relative end fixing angle corresponding to
23、 a1, a2. ang Degree Relative end angle of unloaded springf1, f2 fnDegree Angles of bends on legs*) In DIN EN 13906-3 termed length of activated coils.5 MaterialsTorsion springs shall be made of wire of circular cross section, in patented cold drawn or oil hardened andtempered steel as specified in D
24、IN EN 10270-1 and DIN EN 10270-2, in stainless steel as specified inDIN EN 10270-3, or in copper or copper alloy as specified in DIN EN 12166.6 Quality factor and tolerancesTorsion springs may be manufactured to conform to quality grade 1, 2 or 3, as specified in table 3.Table 3: Quality factorQuali
25、ty grade 1 2 3Quality factor, Q 0,63 1,0 1,6Page 7DIN 2194 : 2002-08Certain applications may specifically require springs of other quality grades, but in general quality grade 2springs should be specified. The manufacture of grade 1 springs involves about 1 % of outliers and requiresa higher amount
26、of inspection work (100 %).Where no quality grade is specified, grade 2 shall apply.6.1 Tolerance on coil diameter of unloaded springsIn drawings and in enquiry and order documents, only the inside coil diameter, Di, or the outside coil diameter,De, shall be specified. For springs guided by a mandre
27、l or sleeve, it is recommended that the minimum diameterof the sleeve or the maximum diameter of the mandrel also be specified.Tolerance AD is to be calculated from the following equation:AD = t 0,025 QdD170,(1)It shall not be less than 0,07.6.2 Spring torque toleranceThe spring torque tolerance, AM
28、, is to be calculated from the following equation:AM = t 1,3 ksQwnd2403,(2)where ksis as given in table 4.Table 4: Factor allowing for variations in torqueDIN EN 10270-1 orSpring material as inDIN EN 10270-2DIN EN 10270-3 DIN EN 12166Factor allowing for variations in torque, ks104 90 54Generally, on
29、ly one torque should be toleranced. Where, for technical reasons, two torques or one torque andthe relative leg orientation under torque, d0, are to be toleranced, one of these tolerances shall be for the nexthighest quality grade. d0shall be established on the basis of subclause 6.3, by analogy.Whe
30、re friction within the coil and between coil and mandrel is minimized, AMwill be lower.6.3 Tolerance on relative end angle of unloaded springsThe tolerance on the relative end angle of unloaded springs, Agis to be calculated from the following equation:Ag= t 2,4 n0,76 w Q with360=z (3)6.4 Tolerance
31、on free body length of open-coiled springsThe tolerance on the free body length of open-coiled springs, AL0, is to be calculated from the followingequation:AL0= t 0,06 d0,83 (1 + 0,01 w2,5) n kf Q (4)where kfis to be determined as follows:kf= 0,803 + 23158nn(5)6.5 Tolerances on leg lengths of unload
32、ed springsTolerances on lengths of legs, l1, l2 and l3, as in figures 3 and 4, Al1, Al2.Aln, are to be calculated from thefollowing equation:Al1 n = t (0,2 d + Q Coefficient from table 5) (6)with Q taken from table 3.Page 8DIN 2194 : 2002-08Table 5: Coefficient for calculating leg length tolerancesL
33、eg length (l1, l2 or l3),Coefficientin mm0,5 up to 1006 0,3Over 446,5 up to 1030 0,8Over 430,5 up to 1 120 1,3Over 120,5 up to 1 400 1,9Over 400,5 up to 1000 3,2If there is more than one bend in a leg, the length tolerances for bends with the same orientation are to be added(to obtain an overall tol
34、erance).For springs made of rod and for double-leg springs, larger tolerances may be specified subject to agreement.6.6 Tolerances on bend radii of unloaded springsThe tolerances on bend radii of unloaded springs, Ar1, Ar2, Arn, are to be calculated from the followingequation:Ar1 n= +(0,6 + 0,2 r1 n
35、) Q (7)with Q taken from table 3.6.7 Tolerances on angles of bends on legsThe tolerances on angles of bends on legs, Af1, Af2Afn, are to be calculated from the following equation:Af1 n= t 4 QdrnG4B1(8)with Q taken from table 3.6.8 Controlling spring characteristicsGiven variations in certain dimensi
36、ons of torsion springs, the characteristics of such springs will also vary. Thesmaller the wire diameter, the greater the effect of variations. Thus, spring characteristics can be controlled byvarying spring dimensions, the aim being to obtain a specified torque/torsional angle relationship. Table 6
37、specifies those dimensions which are to be varied.Table 6: Spring dimensions suitable for controlling spring characteristicsSpecified parameters Spring dimension to be variedOne torque and the associated relative end fixing Relative leg orientation, d0angle, eOne torque, the associated relative end
38、fixing Mean coil diameter, D, and (in certain cases),angle, e, and relative leg orientation under torque, d0nominal wire diameter, d, and number of coils, nTwo torques and the associated relative end fixing Relative leg orientation under torque, d0, mean coilangle of loaded spring, e diameter, D, an
39、d number of coils, n, and (in certaincases), nominal wire diameter, dThe dimensions to be used for the control of spring characteristics shall be identified on the drawing and shallbe for guidance only. Any restrictions involving the space available for housing the spring shall also be indi-cated.Fo
40、r economical reasons, spring wires with diameters not specified in the relevant product standards shall notbe used.Two torques or only one torque and the relative leg orientation under torque should be toleranced at the sametime if operational reasons so require.Page 9DIN 2194 : 2002-087 Torque test
41、ingTorque testing shall be carried out using a spring testing machine. The diameter of the test mandrel, DP, is tobe calculated from the following equation:Dmaxp, AdnnDD +=360950(9)The diameter of the test mandrel shall be selected on the basis of table 7. For intermediate values, the nextsmallest g
42、rade shall be used.Table 7: Grading of test mandrel sizesTest mandrels should be hardened to a hardness of 60 HRC. Their surface should be polished (cf.DIN EN ISO 8734).Loading pin diameters shall be selected on the basis of table 8. To minimize deflection of pins during loading,greater pin diameter
43、s are to be used in cases of doubt.Table 8: Loading pin diametersG52G61G6EG67G65 G6FG66 G74G65G73G74 G6DG61G6EG64G72G65G6C G64G69G61G6DG65G74G65G72G2CDpG46G72G6FG6D G54G6FG53G69G7AG65 G67G72G61G64G65G31G31 G31G39G2CG37G35 G30G2CG32G35G31G30 G31G39G2CG35G35 G30G2CG35G35G32G30 G97 G31G31G2CG35It is re
44、commended that the zero setting be made by moving the pins towards each other along the same circle(rewinding) until the torque to be measured is indicated on the machine. From this setting, the spring as a wholeis to be turned.Before starting torque testing, the spring shall be turned to reach the
45、relative end fixing angle correspondingto the maximum torque declared. Following the full unloading of the spring, the torque is to be measured whilethe spring is reloaded.NOTE: Any modification to the procedure described shall be subject to agreement.Other relevant standardsDIN EN 10218-2 Steel wir
46、e and wire products General Part 2: Wire dimensions and tolerancesDIN EN 12163 Copper and copper alloys Rod for general purposesDIN EN 12164 Copper and copper alloys Rod for free machining purposesDIN EN 12165 Copper and copper alloys Wrought and unwrought forging stockG43G61G70G61G63G69G74G79 G6FG6
47、6 G74G65G73G74G69G6EG67 G6DG61G63G68G69G6EG65G2CG69G6E G4E G6DG6DG4CG6FG61G64G69G6EG67 G70G69G6E G64G69G61G6DG65G74G65G72G2CdRG69G6E mmG55G70 G74G6F G35G30 G31G41G62G6FG76G65 G35G30 G75G70 G74G6F G35G30G30 G32G41G62G6FG76G65 G35G30G30 G75G70 G74G6F G32G2EG30G30G30 G33G41G62G6FG76G65 G32G2EG30G30G30
48、G75G70 G74G6F G35G2EG30G30G30 G34G41G62G6FG76G65 G35G2EG30G30G30 G75G70 G74G6F G31G30G2EG30G30G30 G35G41G62G6FG76G65 G31G30G2EG30G30G30 G75G70 G74G6F G32G30G2EG30G30G30 G36G41G62G6FG76G65 G32G30G2EG30G30G30 G75G70 G74G6F G35G30G2EG30G30G30 G31G30G41G62G6FG76G65 G35G30G2EG30G30G30 G75G70 G74G6F G31G30G30G2EG30G30G30 G31G32
