1、March 2014 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 18No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS
2、11.040.50; 13.280!%2c“2159664www.din.deDDIN 6847-2Medical electron accelerators Part 2: Rules for construction of structural radiation protection,English translation of DIN 6847-2:2014-03Medizinische Elektronenbeschleuniger-Anlagen Teil 2: Regeln fr die Auslegung des baulichen Strahlenschutzes,Engli
3、sche bersetzung von DIN 6847-2:2014-03Acclrateurs mdicaux dlectrons Partie 2: Rgles pour la conception structurelle de la radioprotection,Traduction anglaise de DIN 6847-2:2014-03SupersedesDIN 6847-2:2008-09www.beuth.deDocument comprises 48 pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall b
4、e considered authoritative.09.14 DIN 6847-2:2014-03 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. Contents Page Foreword . 4 Scope . 5 1Normative references . 5 2Terms and definitions; indices 5 33.1 Terms and definitions 5 3.2 Indices 8 Dose and dose rate information 8 4Maximum values for the dose behin
5、d the shielding . 8 5Room requirements 9 6Specifications of the manufacturer and of the person responsible for radiation 7protection 10 7.1 Specifications of the manufacturer. 10 7.2 Specifications of the person responsible for radiation protection . 11 Operating data . 11 88.1 Radiation energy . 11
6、 8.2 Dose rate 12 8.3 Working load . 12 8.4 Direction factor . 13 8.5 Occupation factor . 13 8.6 Interaction of factors U and T 14 Maximum permissible area dose 14 9Rating of radioprotective shielding 14 1010.1 General . 14 10.2 General calculation scheme 15 10.3 Shielding against bremsstrahlung in
7、the useful radiation direction . 16 10.4 Shielding against electron useful radiation . 17 10.5 Shielding against leakage radiation 18 10.6 Shielding against secondary bremsstrahlung . 21 10.7 Shielding at the access to the irradiation room 23 10.7.1 Shielding at the radiation protection labyrinth 23
8、 10.7.2 Shielding at the gate of an irradiation room without a radiation protection labyrinth 25 10.8 Shielding against neutron radiation . 25 10.9 Shielding the radiation protection labyrinth 30 10.10 Interaction of several radiation sources, types and components . 33 10.11 Structural radiation pro
9、tection measures against radioactive material created by nuclear photoprocesses 34 Constructional radiation protection drawing . 34 1111.1 Specifications of the installer 34 11.2 Safekeeping of the as-built radiation protection drawing 34 Check for compliance with radiation protection rules 34 1212.
10、1 Requirements placed on the rooms in accordance with 6 c) to 6 i) 34 12.2 Check of the structural shieldings which may be hit by the radiation beam . 35 12.3 Check of the structural shieldings which cannot be hit by the radiation beam 35 Test of ventilation system 36 13Annex A (informative) Calcula
11、tion example 37 DIN 6847-2:2014-03 3 Bibliography 46 Index of defined terms . 47 Figures Figure 1 Example of the distance anfor useful radiation 16 Figure 2 Example of the distance anfor leakage radiation . 18 Figure 3 Product of the thickness at tenth maximum zXand density for bremsstrahlung, leaka
12、ge radiation, X-ray radiation share in the radiation field of the electron radiation, and bremsstrahlung in the useful radiation direction generated by electrons outside the radiation head, for the materials specified in the key 19 Figure 4 Product of the thickness at tenth maximum zXand density for
13、 bremsstrahlung, leakage radiation, X-ray radiation share in the radiation field of the electron radiation, and bremsstrahlung in the useful radiation direction generated by electrons outside the radiation head, for the materials specified in the key . 20 Figure 5 Factor kXEfor calculation of shield
14、ings against bremsstrahlung in useful radiation direction generated outside of the radiation head 21 Figure 6 Example of the distance aXsfor secondary bremsstrahlung 22 Figure 7 Example of the distance aXtand surface AXtfor tertiary bremsstrahlung 24 Figure 8 Example of the distance aNnfor direct ne
15、utron radiation 27 Figure 9 Examples of distance aNsfor scattered neutron radiation 28 Figure 10 Labyrinth length and width (schematic) . 29 Figure A.1 Floor plan view for the rating of radioprotective shielding in electron accelerator installations (calculation example) 38 Tables Table 1 Maximum pe
16、rmissible area dose HW. 14 Table 2 Product of thickness at tenth maximum zXsor zXtand density for secondary or tertiary bremsstrahlung 22 Table 3 Thicknesses at tenth maximum zNnand zNsfor neutron radiation 28 Table 4 Parameters for rating radioprotective shielding according to 10.2 to 10.9 31 Table
17、 5 Reinforcing shieldings against the interaction of several radiation components 33 Table A.1 Radiation conditions according to specifications of the person responsible for radiation protection for the calculation example to rate the radioprotective shielding according to Figure A.1 39 Table A.2 Op
18、erating data according to specifications of the manufacturer for the calculation example to rate the radioprotective shielding according to Figure A.1 40 Table A.3 Calculation data to rate the radioprotective shielding for the various radiation components and occupied areas in the calculation exampl
19、e according to Figure A.1 . 41 DIN 6847-2:2014-03 4 Foreword This standard has been prepared by the Normenausschuss Radiologie (NAR) (Radiology Standards Committee of DIN), jointly with the Deutsche Rntgengesellschaft (German Roentgen Society) and in cooperation with the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Med
20、izinische Physik (German Society for Medical Physics), the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Nuklearmedizin (German Society for Nuclear Medicine) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Radioonkologie (German Society for Radiooncology). Compliance with the applicable statutory regulations and official guidelines is
21、 required in addition to compliance with this standard. This standard defines the rules for the construction of structural RADIATION PROTECTION in medical ELECTRON ACCELERATOR INSTALLATIONS as part of a licensing procedure in accordance with 11, Clause 2 of the Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV) (G
22、erman Radiation Protection Ordinance). In line with the procedure used in publications of the IEC, defined terms have been printed in SMALL CAPS (except in the table of contents, the terms in Clause 3 and in headings). An overview of all defined terms used in this standard, including sources and the
23、 German equivalents, is provided in the index at the end of this standard. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. DIN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. DIN 6847 consists of the followin
24、g parts, under the general title Medical electron accelerators: Part 2: Rules for construction of structural radiation protection Part 5: Constancy test of functional performance characteristics Part 6: Electronic portal imaging device (EPID) Constancy testing Amendments This standard differs from D
25、IN 6847-2:2008-09 as follows: a) requirements regarding the determination of the WORKING LOAD have been updated; b) requirements regarding the maximum permissible dose behind the shielding have been updated; c) requirements regarding shielding in the useful radiation direction have been expanded; d)
26、 the IMRT factor has been changed; e) requirements regarding access to the IRRADIATION ROOM have been updated; f) requirements relating to the interaction of several radiation sources have been updated; g) the calculation example has been updated. Previous editions DIN 6847: 1965-11, 1972-01 DIN 684
27、7-2: 1977-11, 1990-03, 2003-12, 2008-09 DIN 6847-2:2014-03 5 Scope 1This standard applies to the CONSTRUCTION of ELECTRON ACCELERATOR INSTALLATIONS for the application of BREMSSTRAHLUNG with MAXIMUM ENERGIES between 3 MeV and 50 MeV and ELECTRON RADIATION with energies between 3 MeV and 50 MeV in me
28、dical radiation treatment. The standard also applies to the operation of ELECTRON ACCELERATOR INSTALLATIONS without a FIELD FLATTENING FILTER and for INTENSITY MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY (IMRT) applications. This standard does not apply to the CONSTRUCTION of ELECTRON ACCELERATOR INSTALLATIONS for use i
29、n tomotherapy or robotic radiotherapy. Safety aspects of ELECTRON ACCELERATORS are governed by DIN EN 60601-2-1 (VDE 0750-2-1). Normative references 2The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated referen
30、ces, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. DIN 25400, Basic symbol for ionizing radiation DIN EN 12599, Ventilation for buildings Test procedures and measuring methods for handing over installed venti
31、lation and air conditioning systems DIN EN 60601-2-1 (VDE 0750-2-1), Medical electrical equipment Part 2-1: Particular requirements for the safety of electron accelerators in the range of 1 MeV to 50 MeV Richtlinie zur Verordnung ber den Schutz vor Schden durch ionisierende Strahlen (Strahlenschutz-
32、verordnung StrlSchV) (Guide to the German Radiation Protection Ordinance), dated 17 October 2011 (Richtlinie Strahlenschutz in der Medizin (Guide to radiation protection in medical applications), GMBl. (Joint Ministerial Gazette), 2011, p. 867)1)Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV) (Ordinance on prot
33、ection against damage and injuries caused by ionizing radiation (German), dated July 20, 2001, BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette Part I, p. 1714, ber 1 (2002, p. 1459), last amended on 24.02.2012, BGBl. Part I, p. 212)2)Terms and definitions; indices 33.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this docu
34、ment, the terms and definitions in the “Index of defined terms” at the end of this standard and the following apply. 3.1.1 working load WAproduct of the number of single irradiations per week and the mean NOMINAL ABSORBED DOSE of each single irradiation Note 1 to entry: Unit of WORKING LOAD: “Gray”
35、(unit symbol Gy). 1) Can be downloaded at www.bmu.de/N5613/. 2)Included in the DITR database maintained by DIN Software GmbH, obtainable from Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany. DIN 6847-2:2014-03 6 Note 2 to entry: The WORKING LOAD WAindicates the degree of utilization of an ELECTRON ACCELERA
36、TOR INSTALLATION. Note 3 to entry: The number of single irradiations of the PATIENT equals the number of independent irradiated FRACTIONS. Note 4 to entry: The single irradiations include irradiation of the PATIENT as well as irradiations carried out for quality purposes, e.g. for IMRT plan evaluati
37、ons, calibrations of the DOSE MONITOR and other technical tests. SOURCE: DIN 6853-2:2005-10, 3.7, German text has been modified for the definition and Note 2 and Notes 3 and 4 have been added 3.1.2 nominal absorbed dose maximum value for the ABSORBED DOSE RATE TO WATER, measured at the CENTRAL RAY i
38、n a semi-infinite water phantom or water-equivalent phantom with a 100 cm distance between the focus and the measurement location and a GEOMETRIC FIELD SIZE of 10 cm 10 cm at a distance of 100 cm from the focus DIN 6846-2:2003-06, 3.1 3.1.3 construction the building of a structure with structural ra
39、diation protection measures or act of making changes to the building or to equipment that affect the radiation protection properties of the system, as well as the installation and connection of the ELECTRON ACCELERATOR 3.1.4 electron accelerator installation entirety of ELECTRON ACCELERATOR, install
40、ation and associated structural resources and energy supply Note 1 to entry: Structural resources include items such as radiation protection walls. 3.1.5 direction factor U numerical value which factors in the direction of the RADIATION BEAM in relation to the shielding to be rated 3.1.6 occupation
41、factor T numerical value which factors in the period persons are expected to stay in (i.e. occupy) the areas to be protected, irrespective of the actual duration of such occupation 3.1.7 reduction factor Rinumerical value which, for BREMSSTRAHLUNG in the radiation beam direction, factors in the dist
42、ance of the area to be protected in relation to distance a0= 1 m and, for all other radiation components, also factors in their dose amount in the overall radiation dose at the distance a0= 1 m and which, for BREMSSTRAHLUNG and ELECTRON RADIATION is to be multiplied by the factor 1 and, for NEUTRON
43、RADIATION by a factor of 10 Note 1 to entry: The index i indicates the radiation type and the radiation field component in accordance with 3.2. Note 2 to entry: Using the factors 1 or 10 the WORKING LOAD is converted with the “Gray” unit for the kinds of radiation, BREMSSTRAHLUNG and ELECTRON RADIAT
44、ION, or NEUTRON RADIATION into a DOSE EQUIVALENT with the “Sievert” unit. 3.1.8 thickness at tenth maximum zithickness of shielding behind which, for a defined radiation component i, the value of the AMBIENT DOSE EQUIVALENT (10)*Hcorresponds to one-tenth of the value without this shielding Note 1 to
45、 entry: This means that the ATTENUATION FACTOR F assumes the value 10. DIN 6847-2:2014-03 7 3.1.9 attenuation factor F ratio between the AMBIENT DOSE EQUIVALENT (10)*0Hwithout shielding and the AMBIENT DOSE EQUIVALENT (10)*Hwith shielding (for the same place in each case) (10)(10)*0HHF= Note 1 to en
46、try: For ELECTRON ACCELERATORS, the thickness of shieldings is calculated separately for each radiation component so that the ATTENUATION FACTORS Fi can, for a defined radiation component i, be used as a basis for the calculation. SOURCE: DIN 6844-3:2006-12, 3.10, modified Note 1 to entry added 3.1.
47、10 volume flow rate volume of a substance which flows through a defined surface per time unit SOURCE: DIN EN 12792:2004-01, 395 3.1.11 radiation beam spatial region filled with RADIATION lying within the geometric rays that come from the VIRTUAL SOURCE POINT and intersect the effective edges of the
48、BEAM LIMITING SYSTEM Note 1 to entry: (Relevant to the German text only: The German term “STRAHLUNG” (meaning “radiation”) and compound words containing this term, such as “STRAHLUNGSFELD”, “STRAHLUNGSQUALITT”, generally refer to the presence of or characteristics of radiation itself. However, German terms containing “STRAHLEN.” and associated words such as “STRAHLENFELD”, “STRAHLENFELDACHSE”, “FELDEBENE” and “FELDAUSGLEICH“ relate to the geometric or dosimetric characterist
