1、May 2011 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 22No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 75
2、.160.10!$p4-“1771710www.din.deDDIN EN 15400Solid recovered fuels Determination of calorific valueEnglish translation of DIN EN 15400:2011-05Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe Bestimmung des BrennwertesEnglische bersetzung von DIN EN 15400:2011-05Combustibles solides de rcupration Dtermination du pouvoir calor
3、ifiqueTraduction anglaise de DIN EN 15400:2011-05SupersedesDIN CEN/TS 15400:2007-01www.beuth.deDocument comprises pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.6204.11 DIN EN 15400:2011-05 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This standard
4、has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid Recovered Fuels” (Secretariat: SFS, Finland). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Materialprfung (Materials Testing Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 062-05-83 AA Sekundrbrennstoffe. The D
5、IN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred to in this document are as follows: ISO 1770 DIN 12778 ISO 1928 DIN 51900-1 ISO 5725-5 DIN ISO 5725-5 Amendments This standard differs from DIN CEN/TS 15400:2007-01 as follows: a) the prestandard status has been changed to that of a
6、full standard; b) specifications and/or recommendations relating to repeatability and reproducibility limits have been deleted; c) Annex I (informative) “Interlaboratory test results” has been included; d) the standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN CEN/TS 15400: 2007-01 2 DIN E
7、N 15400:2011-05 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN 12778, Laboratory glassware Laboratory thermometers, smallest scale division 1 C and 2 C DIN 51900-1, Testing of solid and liquid fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of net calorific val
8、ue Part 1: Principles, apparatus, methods DIN ISO 5725-5, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 5: Alternative methods for the determination of the precision of a standard measurement method 3 DIN EN 15400:2011-05 4 This page is intentionally blank EUROPEAN STANDA
9、RD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15400 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15400:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of calorific value Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination du pouvoir calorifique Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des BrennwertesThis
10、 European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical referen
11、ces concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN m
12、ember into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icela
13、nd, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue
14、Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15400:2011: EEN 15400:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Principle 65 Reage
15、nts .76 Apparatus .77 Preparation of test sample . 108 Calorimetric procedure 119 Calibration . 1710 Gross calorific value 2211 Precision 2612 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure 2713 Test report . 28Annex A (normative) Adiabatic bomb calorimeters . 29Annex B (normative) Isoperib
16、ol and static-jacket bomb calorimeters . 33Annex C (normative) Automated bomb calorimeters . 38Annex D (informative) Checklists for the design and procedures of combustion experiments 41Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate the main calculations used in this European Standard if an automated
17、(adiabatic) bomb calorimeter is used for determinations 46Annex F (informative) List of symbols used in this European Standard 49Annex G (informative) Key-word index 52Annex H (informative) Flow chart for a routine calorific value determination . 55Annex I (informative) Interlaboratory test results
18、. 56Bibliography . 58DIN EN 15400:2011-05 EN 15400:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15400:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either b
19、y publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15400:2006. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document m
20、ay be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This document differs from CEN/TS 15400
21、:2006 mainly as follows: a) specification respectively recommendation regarding repeatability and reproducibility limits deleted; b) results of interlaboratory tests informatively added in Annex I; c) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national
22、 standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Nor
23、way, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. DIN EN 15400:2011-05 EN 15400:2011 (E) 4 Introduction WARNING Strict adherence to all of the provisions specified in this document should ensure against explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, pr
24、ovided that the bomb is of proper design and construction and in good mechanical condition. This European Standard is based on ISO 1928 and EN 14918 and modified to solid recovered fuels with some additions and alterations specific to solid recovered fuels properties. The result obtained is the gros
25、s calorific value of the sample analysed at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, solid recovered fuels are burned at a constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is either not condensed (removed as vapour with the flue gases) or condensed. Un
26、der both conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; equations are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the s
27、olid recovered fuels experiments are presented in the normative text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are specified in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel experiments using specified types of calorimeters
28、. Annex E gives examples to illustrate some of the calculations. DIN EN 15400:2011-05 EN 15400:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 C in a bomb calor
29、imeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (in
30、cluding any amendments) applies. EN 15296, Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 15358, Solid recovered fuels Quality management systems Particular requirements for their application
31、 to the production of solid recovered fuels EN 15414-3, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample EN 15440, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the determination of biomass content EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Metho
32、ds for the preparation of the laboratory sample EN ISO 10304-1, Water quality Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate (ISO 10304-1:2007) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes o
33、f this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 gross calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions
34、 specified NOTE The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperat
35、ure. 3.2 net calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen under conditions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (in a hypothetical
36、 state at 0,1 MPa), the other products being, as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature 3.3 net calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the specific heat (enthalpy) of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen at constant
37、pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature DIN EN 15400:2011-05 EN 15400:2011 (E) 6 3.4 reference temperature international reference temp
38、erature for thermo-chemistry of 25 C is adopted as the reference temperature for calorific values (see 8.7) NOTE The temperature dependence of the calorific value of solid recovered fuels is small less than 1 J/(g K). 3.5 effective heat capacity of the calorimeter amount of energy required to cause
39、unit change in temperature of the calorimeter 3.6 corrected temperature rise change in calorimeter temperature caused solely by the processes taking place within the combustion bomb NOTE 1 It is the total observed temperature rise corrected for heat exchange, stirring power etc. (see 8.6). NOTE 2 Th
40、e change in temperature can be expressed in terms of other units: resistance of a platinum or thermistor thermometer, frequency of a quartz crystal resonator etc., provided that a functional relationship is established between this quantity and a change in temperature. The effective heat capacity of
41、 the calorimeter can be expressed in units of energy per such an arbitrary unit. Criteria for the required linearity and closeness in conditions between calibrations and fuel experiments are given in 9.3. NOTE 3 A list of the symbols used and their definitions is given in Annex F. 4 Principle 4.1 Gr
42、oss calorific value A weighed portion of the analysis sample of a solid recovered fuel is burned in high-pressure oxygen in a bomb calorimeter under specified conditions. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined in calibration experiments by the combustion of certified benzoic ac
43、id under similar conditions, accounted for in the certificate. The corrected temperature rise is established from observations of temperature before, during and after the combustion reaction takes place. The duration and frequency of the temperature observations depend on the type of calorimeter use
44、d. Water is added to the bomb initially to give a saturated vapour phase prior to combustion (see 8.2.1 and 9.2.2), thereby allowing all the water formed, from the hydrogen and moisture in the sample, to be regarded as liquid water. The gross calorific value is calculated from the corrected temperat
45、ure rise and the effective heat capacity of the calorimeter, with allowances made for contributions from ignition energy, combustion of the fuse(s) and for thermal effects from side reactions such as the formation of nitric acid. Furthermore, a correction is applied to account for the difference in
46、energy between the aqueous sulphuric acid formed in the bomb reaction and gaseous sulphur dioxide, i.e. the required reaction product of sulphur in the solid recovered fuel. The corresponding energy effect between aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid is neglected for solid recovered fuels. NOTE The
47、 corresponding energy effect between aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid depends on the sample characteristics, e.g. the content of inorganic and organic chlorine, mineral composition and the actual pH-value in bomb liquid. At the present time no values are available for this chlorine correction.
48、Attention should be paid to the extremely high chlorine content in the test sample because e.g. PVC fractions can affect the calorific value significantly. 4.2 Net calorific value The net calorific value at constant volume and the net calorific value at constant pressure of the solid recovered fuel are obtained by calculation from the gross calorific value at constant volume determined on the analysis sample. The calculation of t
