1、April 2014Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 17No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 1
2、9.100; 23.040.01!%1A1“2143014www.din.deDDIN EN 16407-1Non-destructive testing Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- andgamma rays Part 1: Tangential radiographic inspection;English version EN 16407-1:2014,English translation of DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04Zerstrungsfreie Prfung
3、Durchstrahlungsprfung auf Korrosion und Ablagerungen in Rohren mit Rntgen- undGammastrahlen Teil 1: Tangentiale Durchstrahlungsprfung;Englische Fassung EN 16407-1:2014,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04Essais non destructifs Examen radiographique de la corrosion et des dpts dans les can
4、alisations, par rayons Xet rayons gamma Partie 1: Examen radiographique tangentiel;Version anglaise EN 16407-1:2014,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04www.beuth.deIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.Document comprises 38 pages04.14 DIN EN 16407-
5、1:2014-04 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16407-1:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing” (Secretariat: AFNOR, France). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Materialprf
6、ung (Materials Testing Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 062-08-22 AA Durchstrahlungsprfung und Strahlenschutz. EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16407-1 January 2014 ICS 19.100; 23.040.01 English Version Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspection of corrosion and
7、deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Part 1: Tangential radiographic inspection Essais non destructifs - Examen radiographique de la corrosion et des dpts dans les canalisations, par rayons X et rayons gamma - Partie 1: Examen radiographique tangentiel Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Durchstrahlungsprf
8、ung auf Korrosion und Ablagerungen in Rohren mit Rntgen- und Gammastrahlen - Teil 1: Tangentiale Durchstrahlungsprfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 October 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving th
9、is European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official
10、versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Aust
11、ria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swede
12、n, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGCEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN na
13、tional Members. Ref. No. EN 16407-1:2014 E2 Contents Page Foreword 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Classification of radiographic techniques 8 5 General 8 5.1 Protection against ionising radiation 8 5.2 Personnel qualification .9 5.3 Identification of radiographs 9
14、5.4 Marking .9 5.5 Overlap of films or digital images 9 5.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI) .9 5.6.1 Single wire or step hole IQIs .9 5.6.2 Duplex wire IQI (digital radiographs) .9 6 Recommended techniques for making radiographs . 10 6.1 Test arrangements 10 6.1.1 General . 10
15、6.1.2 Radiation source located on the pipe centre line 10 6.1.3 Radiation source located offset from the pipe centre line . 11 6.1.4 Alignment of beam and film/detector . 13 6.2 Choice of radiation source 13 6.3 Film systems and metal screens. 14 6.4 Screens and shielding for imaging plates (compute
16、d radiography only) 16 6.5 Reduction of scattered radiation . 17 6.5.1 Filters and collimators . 17 6.5.2 Interception of back scattered radiation 18 6.6 Source-to-detector distance 18 6.7 Axial coverage and overlap . 19 6.8 Dimensional comparators 20 6.9 Image saturation and use of lead strips to a
17、void burn-off . 21 6.10 Selection of digital radiographic equipment 21 6.10.1 General . 21 6.10.2 CR systems . 22 6.10.3 DDA systems . 22 7 Radiograph/digital image sensitivity, quality and evaluation 22 7.1 Evaluation of image quality . 22 7.1.1 General . 22 7.1.2 Maximum grey level in free beam (d
18、igital radiographs) . 22 7.1.3 Minimum normalized signal to noise ratio (digital radiographs) . 22 7.2 Density of film radiographs . 23 7.3 Film processing 23 7.4 Film viewing conditions . 23 7.5 Dimensional calibration of radiographs or digital images . 24 7.5.1 General . 24 7.5.2 Measurement of di
19、stances in radiographic setup . 24 7.5.3 Measurement of pipe outside diameter 25 DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 3 7.5.4 Dimensional comparator 25 7.6 Wall thickness measurements for film radiographs 26 7.7 Wall thickness measurements for digital radiographs 26 7.7.1 Interactive on-screen
20、measurements 26 7.7.2 Grey-level profile analysis methods 26 8 Digital image recording, storage, processing and viewing 27 8.1 Scan and read out of image 27 8.2 Multi radiograph technique 27 8.3 Calibration of DDAs . 28 8.4 Bad pixel interpolation 28 8.5 Image processing 28 8.6 Digital image recordi
21、ng and storage . 28 8.7 Monitor viewing conditions 29 9 Test report 29 Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution 31 Annex B (informative) Choice of radiation source for different pipes 35 Bibliography 36 DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04EN 16407-1:2014 (E)4 Foreword This document (EN 16407-
22、1:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2014, and con
23、flicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 16407 co
24、nsists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays: Part 1: Tangential radiographic inspection; Part 2: Double wall radiographic inspection. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations,
25、the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lat
26、via, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of film and digital radiograph
27、y with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject. This European Standard applies to the radiographic examination of pipes in metallic materials for service in
28、duced flaws such as corrosion pitting, generalized corrosion and erosion. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this standard should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels. Weld inspection for typical welding process
29、induced flaws is not covered, but weld inspection is included for corrosion/erosion type flaws. The pipes may be insulated or not, and can be assessed where loss of material due, for example, to corrosion or erosion is suspected either internally or externally. This part of EN 16407 covers the tange
30、ntial inspection technique for detection and through-wall sizing of wall loss, including: a) with the source on the pipe centre line, and b) with the source offset from it by the pipe radius. Part 2 of EN 16407 covers double wall radiography, and note that the double wall double image technique is o
31、ften combined with tangential radiography with the source on the pipe centre line. This European Standard applies to tangential radiographic inspection using industrial radiographic film techniques, computed digital radiography (CR) and digital detector arrays (DDA). 2 Normative references The follo
32、wing documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14784-1, Non-
33、destructive testing Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates Part 1: Classification of systems EN ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography (ISO 11699-1) EN ISO 11699-2, Non-destruc
34、tive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values (ISO 11699-2) EN ISO 17636-1:2013, Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO 17636-1:2013) EN ISO 19232-5, Non-destructive testing
35、 Image quality of radiographs Part 5: Determination of the image unsharpness value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-5) DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04EN 16407-1:2014 (E)6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 actual
36、 wall thickness tactactual wall thickness of the pipe 3.2 basic spatial resolution of a digital detector SRbdetectorhalf of the measured detector unsharpness in a digital image which corresponds to the effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved with a d
37、igital detector at magnification equal to one Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the digital detector array or imaging plate. Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in EN ISO 19232-5, see also ASTM E2736 18 and ASTM E1000 16. 3.3 co
38、mparator C reference object of defined dimension c and material for dimensional calibration of a radiographic image 3.4 computed radiography CR storage phosphor imaging plate system complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and a corresponding read-out unit (scanner or reader)
39、, which converts the information from the IP into a digital image 3.5 detector D radiographic image detector consisting of a NDT film system (see EN ISO 11699-1) or a digital radiography system using an imaging plate system (CR system) or a DDA system Note 1 to entry: Film systems and IPs can be use
40、d as flexible and curved detectors or in planar cassettes. 3.6 digital detector array system DDA system electronic device converting ionizing or penetrating radiation into a discrete array of analogue signals which are subsequently digitised and transferred to a computer for display as a digital ima
41、ge corresponding to the radiologic energy pattern imparted upon the input region of the device 3.7 maximum penetrated thickness wmaxmaximum thickness of material for a pipe which occurs for a tangent to the inner pipe surface DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 7 3.8 measured wall thickness tm
42、easmeasured wall thickness of the pipe on the radiograph or digital image 3.9 nominal wall thickness t thickness of the pipe material only where manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into account 3.10 normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNRNsignal-to-noise ratio, SNR, normalised by the basic
43、 spatial resolution, SRb, as measured directly in the digital image and/or calculated from the measured SNR, SNRmeasured, by: N measuredb88,6mSNR =SNRSR3.11 object-to-detector distance b distance between the radiation side of the test object and the detector surface measured along the central axis o
44、f the radiation beam 3.12 outside diameter Denominal outside diameter of the pipe 3.13 pipe centre to detector distance PDD distance between the pipe centre and the detector 3.14 pixel size geometrical centre-to-centre distance between adjacent pixels in a row (horizontal pitch) or column (vertical
45、pitch) of the scanned image SOURCE: EN 14096-2:2003, 3.2 3.15 signal-to-noise ratio SNR ratio of mean value of the linearized grey values to the standard deviation of the linearized grey values (noise) in a given region of interest in a digital image 3.16 source size d size of the radiation source S
46、OURCE: EN 12679:1999, 2.1 DIN EN 16407-1:2014-04EN 16407-1:2014 (E)8 3.17 source-to-detector distance SDD distance between the source of radiation and the detector measured in the direction of the beam 3.18 source-to-object distance f distance between the source of radiation and the source side of t
47、he test object measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.19 source-to-pipe centre distance SPD distance between the source of radiation and the pipe centre (pipe axis) measured in the direction of the beam 3.20 storage phosphor imaging plate IP photostimulable luminescent material capa
48、ble of storing a latent radiographic image of a material being examined and, upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed 4 Classification of radiographic techniques The tangential radiographic techniques are divided i
49、nto two classes: basic technique TA; improved technique TB. The basic techniques, TA, are intended for tangential radiography of generalized wall loss, such as that due to erosion or large scale corrosion. The improved techniques, TB, should be used for the more demanding tangential radiography of localized corrosion pitting flaws, which require higher sensitivity for detection and sizing. Further technique improvements beyond TB are possible
