1、June 2015 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 9No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 97
2、.195!%C3|“2321689www.din.deDDIN EN 16515Conservation of Cultural Heritage Guidelines to characterize natural stone used in cultural heritage;English version EN 16515:2015,English translation of DIN EN 16515:2015-06Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes Leitfaden zur Charakterisierung von Naturstein in der
3、Denkmalpflege;Englische Fassung EN 16515:2015,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16515:2015-06Conservation du patrimoine culturel Lignes directrices pour la caractrisation de la pierre naturelle utilise dans le patrimoineculturel;Version anglaise EN 16515:2015,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16515:2015-0
4、6www.beuth.deDocument comprises 13 pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.05.15 DIN EN 16515:2015-06 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16515:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservati
5、on of cultural heritage” (Secretariat: UNI, Italy). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the DIN-Normenausschuss Bauwesen (DIN Standards Committee Building and Civil Engineering), Working Committee NA 005-01-36 AA Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes (SpA zu CEN/TC 346). EUROPEAN S
6、TANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16515 April 2015 ICS 97.195 English Version Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines to characterize natural stone used in cultural heritage Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices pour la caractrisation de la pierre naturelle utilise
7、 dans le patrimoine culturel Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitfaden zur Charakterisierung von Naturstein in der Denkmalpflege This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 February 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions f
8、or giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in thr
9、ee official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bo
10、dies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
11、Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved world
12、wide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16515:2015 EEN 16515:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Preliminary operations 6 4.1 Initial survey .6 4.2 Sampling .7 5 Methodology to characterize sound and deteriorated mate
13、rial 7 5.1 Visual examination of specimens 7 5.2 Examination under petrographic microscope 7 5.3 Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) 8 5.4 Micro-structural examination by Scanning Electron Microscopy 8 5.5 Chemical analysis 8 5.6 Physical properties 8 5.6.1 General 8 5.6.2 Density, por
14、osity and pore size distribution .8 5.6.3 Hydric behaviour9 5.6.4 Colour .9 5.7 Mechanical properties .9 5.7.1 General 9 5.7.2 Compressive Strength 9 5.7.3 Flexural strength 9 5.7.4 Static modulus of elasticity 9 5.7.5 Dynamic modulus of elasticity .9 5.7.6 Sound speed propagation . 10 6 Characteriz
15、ation report 10 Bibliography . 11 DIN EN 16515:2015-06 EN 16515:2015 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16515:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of Cultural Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a na
16、tional standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pat
17、ent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cr
18、oatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
19、 the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16515:2015-06 EN 16515:2015 (E) 4 Introduction The characterization of a stone is an essential step for a conservation plan, in order to decide on appropriate remedial interventions, to achieve better working practices, and technologies for conservation interventions incl
20、uding stone replacements. Therefore, it is important that it is achieved through a consistent and uniform methodology. This document provides cultural heritage professionals with a guidance for a common methodology for the characterization of stones used in cultural heritage. This information is use
21、d to define nature (petrography or mineralogy and texture) and properties (chemical, physical and mechanical) of stone. The characterization of stones used in cultural heritage should be carried out and interpreted by professionals experienced in the field of materials science and/or conservation/re
22、storation. DIN EN 16515:2015-06 EN 16515:2015 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a methodology for the characterization of sound or deteriorated stones by using the most appropriate analytical techniques on samples taken from the object. This European Standard contains guidelines for the
23、 selection of methods to determine mineralogical, textural, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of natural stone used in cultural heritage monuments and objects. This information is used to define rock typology and to evaluate the stones condition with respect to its conservation as well as
24、 for understanding of deterioration processes of natural stone. Where possible existing standards are referred to and guidance provided where different specimens are required and additional methods used. The methods described are generally destructive, however, non-destructive (NDT) methods are alwa
25、ys preferable to methods with a minimum of destruction and those are always preferable to destructive methods. Methods used for stone analysis can vary depending upon the objectives of the work. All investigation and analysis need be proportional to the significance of the building or artefact being
26、 investigated, its condition and the likely level of intervention. This European Standard will be used to determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination to be made. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
27、 indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1926, Natural stone test methods Determination of uniaxial compressive strength EN 1936, Natural ston
28、e test methods Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity EN 12372, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under concen trated load EN 13755, Natural stone test methods Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure EN 14146,
29、Natural stone test methods Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency) EN 14579, Natural stone test methods Determination of sound speed propagation EN 14580, Natural stone test methods Determination of static elastic modulus EN 15801, Conser
30、vation of cultural property Test methods Determination of water absorption by capillarity EN 15803, Conservation of cultural property Test methods Determination of water vapour permeability (p) EN 15886, Conservation of cultural property Test methods Colour measurement of surfaces EN 15898, Conserva
31、tion of cultural property Ma in general terms and definitions EN 16085, Conservation of Cultural property Methodology for sampling from materials of cultural property General rules EN 16322, Conservation of Cultural Heritage Test methods Determination of drying properties DIN EN 16515:2015-06 EN 165
32、15:2015 (E) 6 EN 16455, Conservation of cultural heritage Dissolution and determination of soluble salts in natural stone and related materials used in cultural heritage 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15898 and EN 16085 and the follow
33、ing apply. 3.1 investigation gathering of information necessary for a conservation decision making process 3.2 sample number of specimens of material, ideally representative, removed from the cultural property for scientific investigation SOURCE: EN 16085, modified 3.3 sampling process of removing a
34、 sample 3.4 specimen single individual piece of stone forming one portion of a sample 3.5 sound material stone showing an un-altered state under visual observation with the naked eye 3.6 deteriorated material stone showing evidence of alteration under visual observation with the naked eye 3.7 analys
35、is investigation of natural stone which supplies important information to establish its nature and properties 3.8 petrography description of the mineral content and the textural relationships of rock, based on observation of hand specimen and thin microscopic section 4 Preliminary operations 4.1 Ini
36、tial survey An initial survey of the object together with the objectives of the stone characterization and the description of the context are essential for the selection of the analytical methodology that is to be followed. Where the object is part of the immovable heritage a condition survey should
37、 be undertaken in accordance with EN 16096 or if the object is part of the moveable heritage a condition report should be made in accordance with EN 16095. The condition report or survey should be supplemented by sufficient information to allow a preliminary assessment of the stone and its condition
38、. This preliminary assessment should include general stone type, the macroscopic characteristics, such as colour and texture, structural aspects and apparent condition. DIN EN 16515:2015-06 EN 16515:2015 (E) 7 4.2 Sampling Sampling shall be undertaken in accordance with EN 16085. In all cases, the l
39、ocation, the orientation, the number, the amount, the size and the shape of the specimens used should be documented in the test report. In accordance with the initial survey, it should be stated whether the stone specimen to be characterized is derived from sound or deteriorated part of the stone. 5
40、 Methodology to characterize sound and deteriorated material 5.1 Visual examination of specimens A visual examination of the specimens is undertaken. When specimens are examined using a stereo-microscope this should be in accordance with EN 12407:2007, Clause 6. In the case of natural stone used in
41、cultural heritage objects this enables an initial assessment of their condition, colour range or overall colour, porosity, grain, weathering patterns, along with other features such as cracks, veins, voids, fillings, bedding, cleavage, macro-fossils, staining, inclusions, fabrication issues, etc. If
42、 further information is required an accurate and detailed petrographic assessment can be undertaken by an experienced professional at a later date. 5.2 Examination under petrographic microscope Petrographic description of a stone material by examination of thin sections under an optical microscope i
43、n transmitted, polarized light should be carried out in accordance with EN 12407:2007 Clause 7. The petrographic description of thin and polished sections provides information on composition, grain constituents or mineral, their type and their abundance, on texture, grain size, shape and orientation
44、, micro-structures, discontinuities, veins, fissures, porosity, etc. In addition to the above, when applicable, petrographic examination of natural stone used in cultural heritage objects should identify weathered or otherwise altered constituents or minerals and describe the extent of that weatheri
45、ng or alteration. The following information should also be included: a) the stratigraphy of any surface layers (if present); b) the width of every different weathering layer; c) the adhesion and cohesion between the altered layers and the sound stone; d) the presence of any signs of biodeterioration
46、; e) the character of the weathering, providing information on the decay process; f) a basic hypothesis on the deterioration mechanism and agents that affect the stone. g) surface soiling its nature, level of adhesion and whether this seems to be contributing to deterioration or is merely disfigurin
47、g. Any modification of the original characteristics of the sample during the preparation of the thin sections shall be avoided. Excessive heating (temperatures of 45 C) should be avoided during the preparation of the thin sections. Exposure to water should be kept to a minimum in order to avoid the
48、occurrence of secondary hydration and the loss of water soluble compounds from the sample. DIN EN 16515:2015-06 EN 16515:2015 (E) 8 5.3 Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) When optical examinations are insufficient, the mineralogical composition of the crystalline components of stones including clay products and salt efflorescence can be determined by powder X-ray diffraction. In case of clastic sediments, the cementing material should be analysed separately from the clastic fragments. In case of
